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PLANT TAXONOMY/ PLANT SYSTEMATIC

The document discusses the field of plant taxonomy, covering its definitions, methods, and classifications, including identification, nomenclature, and chemical evidence. It outlines different species concepts and the significance of morphological, cytological, and chemical characteristics in classifying plants. Additionally, it describes the evolution of taxonomic approaches and provides insights into specific plant examples, illustrating the complexities of categorizing flora.

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UNIVERSITY OF TURBAT DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SIMM J AN Presented By: Keenagi Rasheed
• Plant Taxonomy: OR plant systematic: Combination of two words Taxa=arrangement Nomy= rules and regulations. Definition: it is the branch of botany that deal with the identification, nomenclature and classification of plants. Systematic: is the study of taxonomy SIMM J AN
Identification: placing of new organisms into previously described group. OR It is the assigning of particular plants into a particular group. Plants are identified in two ways: 1. plants are identified by matching it with a already identified plants. Or it could be new of science 2. plants are identified on the basis of floras or monograph. Nomenclature: naming of plants according to certain rules and regulations For plants international code for botanical nomenclature(ICBN) is responsible SIMM J AN
Classification: placing of plants into group Classification is based on the similarities of plant i.e the plants which share common characters are placed in a same group. Levels of classification • Division • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species SIMM J AN
• Number of species with common characters are placed in genus • Number of Genra are placed in a family • Number of family form order • Number of orders form class • Number of class form division Samilarties increases from division to species and decreases from species to division. Species: Population of individuals with same in morphological and reproductive characters so that they can interbreed with each other. SIMM J AN
Species concept: 1. Morphological species concept: species is the group of organisms which can be differentiated using morphological characteristics. 2. Biological species concept: using reproductive biology to define species. population group which is able to breed but prevented from gene exchange with population of other species. 3. Texonomical species concept: any species which is having similarities or dissimilarities on the basis of continuous or discontinuous variations SIMM J AN
• Approaches of taxonomy: 1. Empirical approach: the classification is based on observation of characters. 2. Interpretative approach: the classification is based on interpretation and evolution of a taxon(specie of a plant) Aims and Objective of taxonomy: 1. Identification of organisms and their classification 2. Descovery of new flora.( the plant of a particular region) 3. To know the Degree of relationship among plants. 4 . To know the Degree of relationship of plants with their ancestors 5 To provide a single name for the plant; latin name. 6 . To study the plants easily. SIMM J AN
Phases of taxonomy. 4 phases. pioneer phase Consolidation phase Biosystematics phase H olotexnomic phase • It is the beginning phase of collecting plants • It is the phase of collecting specimen and building herberium records. • This is the synthesis phase mainly based on morphology. • This phase deals with the study of the plant material in the field as well as in the herbarium. • in this phase The number, size and shape of chromosomes were considered by cytotaxonomists. • In this phase the collection of data from these 3 phases is done and then further taxonomists undergo in study of the plants on the basis of collected data's SIMM J AN
• Components of taxonomy: 1. Alpha taxonomy: It is study of morphology of the plants and first and second phase lie in this component. 2. Omega taxonomy: it is the study of plants at cell level and also in morphologically and 3rd and 4 phase are in here. the best concept of alpha- omega taxonomy is the alpha form the basis of plant taxonomy while the final data are analysis in omega taxonomy. SIMM J AN
• Taxonomic evidence: Taxonomic characters are the taxonomic evidences like morphology, anatomy, palynology, cytology, embryology etc These are used to provide taxonomic evidence that this plant belong to this group. • Palynological evidence: Palynology is the study of pollen grains/ spores. Relationship with taxonomy: For taxonomy following characters pollen grains must be studied structure, pollen grain type, pollen grain polarity, pollen grain shape, SIMM J AN
pollen grain symmetry, pollen grain nuclear state, pollen grain apperature, pollen grain position Sporoderm etc. Pollen grains: are the male reproductive cell of a flowering plant. 1. Arrangement of pollen grains: Pollen grains maybe present in diad form Two pollen grains are together SIMM J AN
Some pollen grains are arranged in monad position. 8 0 % of angiosperm plants pollen grains are in monad condition Pollen grains maybe arranged in triad form Pollen grains maybe arranged in tetrad position. Pollen grains maybe present in polyad form more then four pollen grains SIMM J AN
All the pollen grains are septate. By meiosis four cell form sixteen cells 2. Size of pollen grains: size of pollen grains vary from very small less then 10 µ to large 200 µ but according to some scientists the size cant be evidence because it can change by environment factors. meiosis SIMM J AN
3. Polarity: the poles present on pollen grains. On the basis of polarity the pollen grains are of two types a. apolar pollen grains those pollen grains which have no poles and thes are in circular shape. b. poler pollen grains those pollen grains which have poles and they are in oval shape. SIMM J AN
Polar pollen grains are of two types isopolar pollen grains Having two same types of poles one at up side while the other one is in down side. An-isopolar pollen grains: having different type of poles. SIMM J AN
Shape of pollen grains on the basis of polarity: it is denoted by an equation. P/ E p= length of pollen grain from one pole to another E = breadth of pollen grain from at equator Shape can be effected by environment. Llength= 4 cm Breadth= 2 cm 4 / 2 = 2 SIMM J AN
4 . Symmetry: a pollen grain maybe asymmetric because can’t be divided in equal halves Pollen grain maybe symmetric when it can be divided in equal halves. 5. Aperture: a place where pollen tube arises. And the aperature differ in shape, siz e, positions etc. Aperature helps the pollens to reach to ovary and then fuse. Position of aperture maybe polar, equatorial or global. polar equatorial global SIMM J AN
Types of Aperatures: Simple: simples pores are present Compound: can be colporate mean one combined pore Or can be proporate mean having many combined pores 5 . Sporsporoderm: the wall or covering of the spore is called sporoderm. Sporoderm is composed of two main layers • The upper layer is called exine • The inner layer is called intine. Exine layer has two parts sexine and nexine. SIMM J AN
Roles of palynology in taxonomy: 1. stanopalynous: in many taxons the type of pollen grains is characteristic and constant mean no variation occurs from species to family then these are called stanoplynous or unipalynous families. 2. eurypalynous: the type of taxon in wich the siz e, aperature etc, of pollen grains vary considerably. Then these families are termed at eurypalynous or multipalyunous. SIMM J AN
Taxonomic status of bombax ceiba (cotton tree) 1. At family level; they have one type of stemen attached together. due to this character it was placed in malvaceae family But due to some differences like the pollen grains of malvaeae family are spherical, apolar, large polyporate etc. while the pollen grains of bombax ceiba are polar, small .triporate etc. so then the bombax ceiba was kept in bombaceae family. SIMM J AN
Taxonomic status of brassospora or trisyngyne specie At generic level. produce unisexual flowers so on the basis of unsexual trisyngyne specie was kept in euphorbiaceae family. but the family euphorbiaceae family have compound aperture while the trysyngyne species have simple aperture so then due to difference the trisyngyne species was kept in Fagaceae family. SIMM J AN
• Chemical evidence of plants: Also called chemotaxonomy or or chemosystematics or chemical evidence : Definition: the classification of plants on the basis of chemical contents. The composition of chemicals differ from species to species. E. .G: Two plants are crossed having different type of chemicals 1. Sida ovata with white flower. 2. Sida taiga with yellow flower. The hybrid plant was having offwhite flowers white × yellow offwhite SIMM J AN
The next generation was diierent in colour because of the chemicals in parents Like ovata sida plant contain dehplidine and ovata taiga contain the chemical cytnnidin so the hybrid one was having deliphicyanonidin due to this the offspring was differ in colour with its parents Techniques used in chemtaxonomy: 1. chromatography: a technique used for the separation of a mixture. 2. Paper chromatography: technique used for the separation of the dissolved chemicals across a sheet of paper. 3. Glass chromatography: used for the separation of chemicals that can be vaporized. Another technologies are also used in the field of chemotaxonomy Like: amino acid sequencing electrophoresis, etc SIMM J AN
Arrangement of plants on the basis of chemicals: 1. Poisonous plants: those plants which which are toxic for animals e. g: rosaery pea: chemical contained arbin and arbic acid. 2. Medication plants: those plants which are used for the making of medicines and for the treatment of diseases. e. g: cocaine Chemical contained erythroxylum coca 3. Edible plants: Those plants which are digested by animals. E g: tomato plant SIMM J AN
Due to this arrangement two theory was purposed. 1. Those plants which are same in appearance they do same work. but this theory was rejected. Because there is some plants which are same in appearance but have different work like in family papilionaceae one specie is eatable while the other one is poisonous . 2. This theory state that the appearance of plants is directly related to the treatment of human organs. i.e liverworts for liver disease anf cordrate leaves for heart diseases. This theory was also rejected. SIMM J AN
Why chemicals are useful for plant taxonomy? Because the chemical of plant show limited distribution likethe flower of a species have same chemicals also the flower of other species contain the same chemicals so it is the best mark for taxonomists to identify the plants easily. and the chemicals of the plants do not change. Types of chemicals in plants. 1. Primary metabolites: Primary metabolites are the product of life related metabolic pathways so due to lack of variations in these substances so they do not have any systematic value because they are found in all plants e.g: chlorophyll, xanthophyll etc 2. Secondary metabolites: they are found in limited distribution and do not change and produce by non vital processes. Because of their limited distribution they have a grat value in taxonomy e. g: phenol, alchol and oil. 3. semantides: these are the information carrying molecules i.e DNA,RNA and Proteins The molecules help in taxonomical evidence. SIMM J AN
• Cytological evidence or cytology in relation to taxonomy: cytology is the study of cell. Evidence characters of cytology in relation to taxonomy are the chromosomes number Structure chromosomes meiotic behavior, ploidy level type etc SIMM J AN
1. Chromosomes number: There are three types of chromosomes • H aploid chromosomes these chromosomes are found in germ cells. Denoted by (n) • Diploid chromosomes: Found in sporophytic cells. Denoted by (2) • Polypolid chromosomes: • Found in joint cells, more then two sets of chromosomes. • E g: lemon big siz e SIMM J AN
Classification of plants on the basis of chromosomes No. haplopappus gracilis 12 24 Morus alba 15 2 30 4 kalonchea 25 0 5 00 0 plant haploid diploid SIMM J AN
Importance of chromosomes no in taxonomy. 1. No variation: Some species of plants have no variation in chromosomes no so thay are not important for taxonomy i.e Pinus n=12 q urcus n=12 tamarix n=12 2. Small variation: mash varitation: genus festuca 7 , 14 , 24 28 35 14 28 4 2 5 6 7 0 diploid tetraploid hexaploid octaploid decaploid 7 Is the base of festuca SIMM J AN
Occurrence of polyploid: Polypoid is rare in bryophytes whiles it is common in pteridophytes and 20 to 50% Occur in angiosperms and gymnosperms Types of polyploidy 1. autopolyploid: It is defined as the doubling of the same chromosome occur in same specie. 2. alloploid: alloploid occur by the hyperdization of two species. 3. Segmented alloploid: occur due to the same gametes SIMM J AN