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1. WINDOWS NT INTERNALS – 05
Computer Call
September 22, 1997

2. DRIVER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Driver design strategies
• Used formal design methods
• Data flow diagram
• State machine models
• Analysis of expected data repetition
• List of external events and driver actions
• Use of incremented development
• Kind of kernel mode objects
• Context and state information
• Driver entry routine and unload routine
• Use registry editor
• Dispatch routines that process IRP_MJ_CREATE,
IRP_MJ_CLOSE
• Dispatch routines that process IRP_MJ_XXX,START I/O
logic without starting the device
• Real start I/O logic, interrupt service routine and
DPC routine

3. CODING CONVENTIONS
General recommendations
• Avoid use of assembly language
• Put platform specific code in its own module or within
#if def /#end if statements
• Use RtlXxx routines instead of standard C runtime library
• Comment the code
Naming conventions
• Add driver specific prefix to each routines
• Name the routine that describes what it does

4. DRIVER MEMORY
ALLOCATION
Memory available to drivers
• Kernel stack
• Paged pool-
• Non paged pool-

5. WORKING WITH KERNEL STACK
• Avoid kernel stack overflow by the guidelines
• Don’t make deeply nested calls to internal routines
• Limit the depth of recursion
• Don’t build large temporary data structures
• Working with the pool areas
• Non paged pool- for routines running at or above
DISPATCH_LEVEL IRQL
• Non paged pool must succeed- memory for emergencies only
• Non paged pool cache aligned- aligned on the natural
boundary of a CPU data-cache line
• Non paged pool cache aligned musts- temporary I/O buffer
• Paged pool- for routines running below DISPATCH_LEVEL IRQL
• Paged pool cache aligned- I/O buffer used by FSD

6. ZONE BUFFERS
A zone buffer is a piece of driver allocated pool
Steps to manage the zone buffers
• Call exallocate pool and initialize zone buffer with exinitialize zone
• Call either exallocate from zone or interlocked allocate from zone
• Use either exfree to zone exinterlocked free to zone
• Call exfree pool

7. LOOKASIDE LIST
A linked list of fixed size memory blocks
Steps to manage Lookaside list
• Use exinitialize Xxx Lookaside list in drive entry routine
• Call exallocate from Xxx Lookaside list
• Call exfree to Xxx Lookaside list
• Use exdelete Xxx Lookaside list

8. UNICODE STRING
Unicode-string , * punicode-string
Field
USHORT Length
USHORT Maximum Length
PWSTR Buffer

9. SYNCHRONIZING MULTIPLE CPU’S
• NT uses synchronization objects called spinlocks
Spin Locks Operation
CPU A CPU B
Raise IRQL
Repeat
Request Spinlock
Until Acquired
f00,x=1
f00,y=2
Release Spinlock
Restore IRQL
Raise IRQL
Repeat
Request Spinlock
Until Acquired
f00,x=10
f00,y=20
Release Spinlock
Restore IRQL
Spinlock
for “f00”
Struct foo
Int x;
int y;

10. WRITING A DRIVER ENTRY ROUTINE
• Driver entry routine runs at PASSIVE_LEVEL IRQL
Parameters
1 . Pointer to drive object
2 .UNICODE_STRING containing path to the driver’s service key
in registry e,g HKEY_LOCAL MACHINEsystem
current control setservicesdrive
Steps in driver entry routine
1.Finding and allocating hardware
2.Initialize the driver object
3.Call IO create controller in case of multiunit controller
4.Call IO create device to create device object
5.Make device visible by calling IO create symbolic link
6.Connect device to interrupt object and DPC objects
7.Repeat steps 3-6 for all controllers/devices
8.Return STATUS_SUCCESS to I/O Manager

11. INITIALIZING DRIVER ENTRY
POINTS
• Routine responsible for setting up function pointers
• Function pointers
•Functions with explicit slots in the drive object
•IRP dispatch functions

12. • Creating device objects
• IO create device takes description of your device and
returns a device object
•IO create device links device object into list of devices
• Choosing a buffering strategy
• Buffered I/O or direct I/O
• Done by Oring flags field of device object
•DO_BUFFERD_IO
•DO_DIRECT_IO

13. WRITING REINITIALIZE
ROUTINES
• Registers a reinitialize routine by calling IO register
device reinitialization
• Routines runs at PASSIVE_LEVEL IRQL
PARAMETERS
• Pointer to driver object
• Context block specified at registration
• Count of reinitialization calls

14. WRITING AN UNLOAD ROUTINE
• Routine runs at PASSIVE_LEVEL IRQL
PARAMETERS
• Pointer to driver object
Steps in unload routine
• Save the state of the device in registry
• Disable interrupts from the device
• Deallocate hardware
• Use IO delete symbol link
• Remove device object using IO delete device
• Repeat step 4-5 in case of multiunit controller and delete
controller object
• Repeat steps 4-6 for all controllers and devices
• Deallocate any pool

15. WRITING SHUTDOWN
ROUTINES
• Routine runs at PASSIVE_LEVEL IRQL
• Put the device into a known state
PARAMETERS
• Pointer to driver object
• Pointer to shutdown IRP
• To receive shutdown notifications,call IO register
shutdown notification