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Participation Inequality and the 90-9-1 Principle in Open Source [OpenSym'2020]

The document discusses participation inequality in open source software, particularly through the lens of the 90-9-1 principle, which highlights the distribution of contributions among users. It reviews data from GitHub indicating that while a majority of users are active, the degree of participation varies among different projects, especially in popular ones. Future research is suggested to explore trends in participation and methods to engage less active users.

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Participation Inequality and the 90-9-1 Principle in Open Source Mattia Gasparini, Robert Clarisó, Marco Brambilla, Jordi Cabot
Collaboration Source (CC BY-SA 2.5): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3d10_fm_de_vilafranca.jpg Open source software
Participation inequality: does it matter? Ideas Publicity Bug reports Attract resources New contributors Management overhead Diffusion of responsibility
Participation inequality in GitHub? Users Projects Volume Type Where? How?
90-9-1 Principle 1% 9% 90% Contributions % of users Major Minor
• Power law • Frequent in online communities • Forums • Wikis • Related power laws • Pareto principle (80-20 rule) • 90-10 rule 90-9-1 Principle # of contributions # of participants
InteractWatch Contribute Activity in GitHub Event
Watch Manage branch/tag Manage pull request Push Manage release Manage collaborator Interact Contribute Activity in GitHub Event Star Fork Comment commit, pull request or issue Edit wiki Manage issue
Data collection Event GH Archive • Online archive of GitHub events • JSON gzipped file for a time period • Accesible via HTTP request (wget) 2018 archive (478M events) 10k random users 500 random projects 500 popular projects (most stars)
Data analysis: 10k random users 81% 7% 11%
Data analysis: 500 random projects 22% 7% 70%
Data analysis: 500 popular projects 2% 10% 87%
Conclusions & Future work • Takeaways • Majority of GitHub users are active • Participation inequality exists in different degrees among GitHub projects • 90-9-1 principle occurs, but only on popular projects • Future work • Temporal analysis: trends? • Lurkers: how to motivate them to contribute?
Thanks for your attention! Mattia Gasparini mattia.gasparini@polimi.it Robert Clarisó rclariso@uoc.edu Marco Brambilla marco.brambilla@polimi.it Jordi Cabot jordi.cabot@icrea.cat