Overview of Essential Minerals and RDA, Sources, Biological Roles and Deficiency

Overview of Essential Minerals and RDA, Sources, Biological Roles and Deficiency

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  Dr. Santhosh KumarN Professor of Biochemistry “More you want to achieve? More you have to work for it’’ Minerals
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  Why this moleculesyou need? • Important for healthy bones and teeth; • Helps in the blood clotting process & immune system. • Needed for proper fluid balance, • Involved in nerve transmission and muscle contraction. • Maintains acid-base balance • Activator of many enzymes needed for making protein and genetic material.
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  Macro minerals ( Ifthe daily requirement is more than 100mg /day) • Sodium(Na+), • Potassium(K+), • Chloride(Cl-), • Calcium(Ca), • Phosphorus (P), • Magnesium (Mg) & Sulphur (S) Micro minerals or Trace elements (If the requirement of certain minerals is less than 100mg/day) Eg. Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn), Iron(Fe), Iodine (I), Selenium(Se), Fluorine(F), Cobalt (Co), Chromium(Cr), Manganese (Mn) & Molybdenum (Mo). Toxic elements: Arsenic, Lead, Mercury are toxic to human body Minerals Electrolytes
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  Electrolytes Inorganic substances, whichare readily dissociated into cation & anion in the solutions. Conc. is expressed as mEq/L not mg/L Macro Minerals
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  Maintain electrical neutrality
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  Minerals Dietary Sources RDA FunctionsDisorders: Causes and Manifestations Sodium (Na+) Major extracellular cation [Sodium in plasma is 135- 145mEq/L] Common salt (NaCl), banana, leafy vegetable Nuts, Egg, Breads and Milk About 5 to 10 gm/day  Sodium regulates the extracellular fluid volume.  Sodium (as sodium bicarbonate) regulates the body’s acid- base balance.  Sodium helps control blood pressure  Involved in the intestinal absorption of glucose, galactose & amino acid Hyper natremia: Dehydration. Diabetes insipidus. Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex, Cushing’s syndrome, prolonged cortisone therapy. Manifestations are increased blood volume, hypertension, edema etc,. Hypo natremia: Severe sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, Addison’s disease, renal tubular acidosis Manifestations are decrease blood pressure, circulatory failure etc.
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  Minerals Dietary Sources RDA FunctionsDeficiency Potassium (K+) Major intracellular cation [Potassium in serum is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L] Tender coconut water, Banana, Orange, Potato & Beans 3 to 4 gm/day  Maintains intracellular osmotic pressure.  Required for the regulation of acid – base balance & water balance in the cells.  It is required for the transmission of nerve impulse.  It influences cardiac muscle activity. Hyperkalemia: decreased urinary output, increased hemolysis, Addison’s disease & Diabetic coma Manifestations are bradycardia, depression of CNS, cardiac arrest Hypokalemia: Prolonged vomiting, severe diarrhea, cushing’s syndrome, muscular weakness, metabolic alkalosis & hypertension. Manifestations are irritability, muscular weakness, tachycardia, cardiomegaly and cardiac arrest
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  Minerals Dietary sources RDA FunctionsDisorders: Causes and Manifestations Chloride Major extracellular anion [In plasma is 95 to 108 mEq/L] Whole grains, leafy vegetable, eggs & milk 5 to 10 gm/day  Involved in the regulation of fluid balance and osmotic pressure.  It is necessary for the formation of HCl in the gastric juice.  The enzyme salivary amylase is activated by chloride. Hyper chloremia: Dehydration, Severe diarrhea, & respiratory acidosis. Hypo chloremia: Severe vomiting, Diarrhea, sweating, Respiratory alkalosis, Addison’s disease.
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  CALCIUM Dietary Sources: Milk,Egg, fish, Cereals (wheat, rice), beans, nuts RDA: Child – 1200 mg/ day Adults - 500 mg / day Pregnant & lactation – 1500 mg / day
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  FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY  Requiredfor the formation of bones  Involved in the physical strength of skeletal tissue.  Involved in blood clotting process  Interacts with Troponin-C to trigger muscle contraction.  Helps in the activation of enzymes such as lipase, ATPase & Succinate dehydrogenase.  Act as second messenger of different hormones (through the cAMP).  Mediates hormone secretion eg: Insulin, parathyroid hormones, Calcitonin.  Necessary for transmission of nerve impulses [Normal levels in blood is 9 -11mg/dl] Hypercalcemia: Hyperplasia in parathyroid gland, hyperparathyroidism, William’s syndrome, Acute & chronic renal failure. Hypocalcemia: Tetany, hypoparathyroidism, liver failure, Nephrotic syndrome, Rickets (children) & osteoporosis (adults)
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  Clot formation duringbleeding
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  Dietary Sources RDA Functions Deficiency Milk, Cereals, Nuts & Meat 500 mg/ day  Required for the formation of bone and teeth.  Production of high energy phosphates (ATPs, GTPs, Creatine phosphate etc.)  Involved in synthesis of DNA & RNA  Formation of phospho-proteins (casein)  Maintains phosphate buffer system  Formation of phospholipids Normal serum levels is 3 to 4 mg/dl Similar symptoms like calcium deficiency PHOSPHORUS
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  Normal levels inserum Electrolytes Range (mEq/L) Urine Sodium 137 to 143 mEq/L 40-220 mEq/L Potassium 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L 25 – 125 mEq/L Chlorides 96 to 106 mEq/L 25 -40 mEq/L Bicarbonates 24 to 106 mEq/L Calcium 9 to 11 mg/dl
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  Dietary Sources RDAFunctions Deficiency Cereals, nuts, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, meat, milk and fruits. Adult: 300 to 400 mg/day  Activates alkaline phosphatase, fructokinase, hexokinase, adenyl cyclase  Maintains neuromuscular irritability.  Required for the formation of bone & teeth.  Improves glucose tolerance. In serum is 1.8 to 2.2 mg/dl Hyper Magnesemia: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, acute renal failure Hypo Magnaesemia: hyper thyroidism, cardiac arrhythmias, vomiting and diarrhea MAGNESIUM (Mg+)
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  Minerals Dietary Sources Functions Deficiency Occursin proteins (sulphur containing amino acids) Cereals, vegetables  Involved in mitochondrial cellular respiration (Fe-S protein)  Stabilize protein structure (as disulphide bonds)  Contains vitamins in thiamine, biotin, lipoic acid & coenzyme-A [Serum levels is 1.8 to 2.2 mg/dl] Homocystinuria Related to homocysteine Sulphur
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  Micro minerals (or)Trace elements If the requirement of certain minerals is less than 100mg/day Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn), Iron(Fe), Iodine (I), Selenium(Se), Fluorine(F), Cobalt(Co), Chromium(Cr), Manganese (Mn) & Molybdenum (Mo)
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  Minerals Dietary sources RDA FunctionsDeficiency COPPER (Cu) Cereals, Legumes, Nuts, Liver, Green leafy vegetable Adult – 1.5 to 3 mg/day.  It activates Catalase, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase, monoamine oxidase, ALA synthase  Necessary for iron absorption and incorporation of iron into Hb  Involves synthesis of heme, melanin & phospholipids.  Involved in cross linking collagen & elastin structural proteins.  Required for development of bone & nervous system Demineralization of bones, demyelization of neural tissue, anemia, myocardial fibrosis, hypo pigmentation of skin and graying of hair. Menke’s disease, Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration)
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  a greenish-brownish ringaround the iris.
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  Minerals Dietary sources RDA FunctionsDeficiency ZINC (Zn) liver, milk and egg cereals, legumes, pulses, beans, nuts Children: 3-15mg /day Adults: 10 – 15 mg/day Pregnancy / lactation- above 25mg/day  Essential component of enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase  Requires storage & secretion of insulin from the β-cell of pancreas.  Essential for proper reproduction.  It required for wound healing. Acrodermatitis enteropathica (inherited disorder that leads to zinc deficiency due to impaired intestinal zinc absorption). Hypogonadism, anemia, Growth retardation, poor wound healing, Loss of appetite and taste sensation.
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  Minerals Dietary sources RDA FunctionsDeficiency IODINE Sea foods, Garlic, beans, sesame seeds, soybeans & spinach. Adults – 100-150 µg/day Pregnant women - 200µg/day  Requirement for the synthesis of thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) & Tri Iodothyronine (T3).  Iodine detoxifies the body by removing mercury, fluorides, chlorides, and bromides  Essential for normal growth and development Goiters, Graves Disease Fatigue and impaired immune system
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  Iron Iron Dietary sourcesRDA Total body iron content is 3 to5gm. 75% of present in blood (in Hb), 5% is in myoglobin, 15% in ferritin and 5% in the liver, bone marrow & muscles. Leafy vegetable, pulses, cereals, fruits, fish, liver, heart and kidney Adult – 20mg/day Children -20 to 30mg/day Pregnant & lactating woman -40mg/day
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  Lumen of theGIT Dietary Iron Fe3+ HCl, Organic acids Ascorbic acid Cysteine Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Fe3+ Mucosal cells of GIT Plasma Apoferritin Apoferritin Ferritin Transferrin Ceruloplasmin Ferro reductase Ferro xidase (Oxidized) Fe2+ Tissues Liver (Ferritin, Hemosiderin) Bone marrow (Hb) Muscle (Mb) Absorbed in the upper part of duodenum & jejunum Storage from of iron –ferritin & Haemosiderin Cu-containing protein ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase activity). Absorption (ferric form) (ferrous form) soluble Reduce
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  FUNCTIONS  Required forsynthesis of Hb –transport of O2 & CO2  It Constitute of myoglobin -an O2binding protein in muscle  Necessary for formation of catalase & Peroxidase- helps in detoxification  Necessary for phagocytosis –killing of bacteria by neutrophils  Constitute of cytochromes and iron sulphur compound  Metalloenzymes –xanthine oxidase, catalase, cytochrome p450 contains iron
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  Deficiency Iron deficiency anemia: •It occurs in growing children, adolescent girls, pregnant & lactating women. • Characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia leads to decreased Hb conc.
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  Normal serum iron:60 to 150μg/dL Hemosiderosis: • Iron over load is associated with injury of cells. • Accumulation of iron in liver & skin. • Deposition myocardium can causes heart failure Hemochromatosis: • It is a rare disease in which iron is directly deposited in the tissue. • Bronzed pigmentation of the skin, cirrhosis of liver and pancreatic fibrosis. • It causes bronze diabetes.
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  Dietary Sources RDAFunctions Drinking water. tea, salmon fish, Less than 2ppm/day. Parts per million  Prevents the development of dental caries.  Necessary for the proper development of bone.  Sodium fluoride inhibits enolase enzyme in glycolysis)  Fluoroacetate inhibits aconitase enzyme involved in TCA cycle. FLUORINE Ppm: Parts per million
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  Deficiency Fluorosis: • Excess offluoride in water (or) diet (above 2ppm) in children causes mottling of enamel & discoloration of teeth. • Teeth are weak & become rough with brown (or) yellow patches on their surface (dental Fluorosis). skeletal fluorosis
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  MANGANESE (Mn) Dietary sources RDA FunctionsDeficiency Cereals , Nuts, leafy vegetables & fruits - Tea is a rich source About 2 – 9 mg/day  Required for the proper reproduction & normal functioning of nervous system.  Serves as a cofactor in pyruvate carboxylase & superoxide dismutase.  Involves in synthesis of glycoproteins & proteoglycans hemoglobin.  Inhibits lipid peroxidation & prevention of sterility.  Essential for glucose utilization.  Retarded growth & bone deformities.  Increased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase.  Diminished activity of β-cells of pancrease.
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  Dietary sources RDA Functions Deficiency Cereals& dry legumes Adults: 0.5 mg/day Children: 0.05 to0.3 mg/day  Major constituent of the enzymes like xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase, nitrite reductase.  It required for nitrogen fixation. Molybdenosis Excess intake of Mo - Growth retardation, anemia and diarrhea MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
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  Dietary Sources Functions Providedin Diet as vit-B12  As same as vit-B12  Stimulates the production of hormone erythropoietin – promotes erythropoiesis Cobalt
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  Minerals Dietary sources RDA FunctionsDeficiency enters the food chain mainly as seleno- methioni ne from Wheat and cereal Adults 55 - 200μg /day  Essential constituent of enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine deiodinase and thioredoxin reductase (involved formation of deoxyribonucleotides).  Selenoprotein-P (plasma) acts as antioxidant.  Immune functions  Necessary for normal development of spermatozoa Keshan’s disease and kashin-beck disease (osteoarthritis). Selenium toxicity Selenosis: Diabetes, CVD, Brittle hair- weak, dry & prone to breakage, garlic odor in breath and nail damage SELENIUM (Se)
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  brittle hair withhair loss falling of nails osteoarthritis
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  Dietary sources RDA Functions Deficiency Whole grain, Green beans& Broccoli Adults 6mg /day  Amplifies insulin receptor activity  Increases HDL levels  Transport of amino acids into the cells Blood levels - 20µg/dL Weight loss, Neurological deficits and diabetes mellitus. Toxicity: Lung cancer, dermatitis, skin ulcers and renal, hepatic damage CHROMIUM
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  The End More PPTslink https://www.slideshare.net/santhoshkumar2185