This document is a seminar report submitted by Arpit for their Master's degree in Renewable Energy Systems. It discusses the One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) initiative proposed by India's Prime Minister to connect solar energy supply across international borders. The report provides background on OSOWOG and its objectives to develop an intercontinental grid to increase renewable energy trading. It also discusses solar power generation technologies like photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. Challenges of integrating large amounts of solar energy into transmission grids like the need for high voltage DC lines and ensuring safety are summarized. India's progress in solar capacity addition and major solar parks are also highlighted.

1. SEMINAR REPORT
ON
ONE SUN ONE WORLD ONE GRID
Submitted in partial fulfillment
for
the award of the degree of
Master of Technology
in
Renewable Energy System
By
ARPIT
Roll No. 32119104
SCHOOL OF ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA - 136119

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Page No.
1.1 Introduction 1-4
1.2 Objectives 5
Chapter 2
2.1
1.1 Solar Power Generation 5-6
2.2
1.2 Photovoltaic System 7-10
2.3 Challenges & Opportunities 10-14
Chapter 3
3.1 Conclusion & Discussion 14
References 15

3. 1
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the world the fastest growing thing is the energy requirement by the world,
with the reduction in the conventional resource. The most challenging thing in front of the
world is how to fulfill the requirement of energy. Due to the limitation of the conventional
resources, the world has to think about the alternate source of energy. Now a day’s most of
the countries are emphasizing the development of renewable energy resources. In the
renewable energy resources, solar energy plays an important role and it is a tremendous source
of energy. The sun is the planet’s most powerful source of energy and also the most unused
source of energy by humans.
Hon'ble Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi, at the First Assembly of the International
Solar Alliance (ISA) in Oct 2018, had called for connecting solar energy supply across borders
with the vision of 'One Sun One World One Grid' (OSOWOG). The concept behind the
OSOWOG is ‘The Sun Never Sets’ and is a constant at some geographical location, globally,
at any given point of time.[1]
According to the draft plan of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), the
ambitious OSOWOG will connect 140 countries through a common grid that will be used to
transfer solar power.[1]
Development of large-scale solar generation capacity in various regions and development of
bi-lateral, regional and inter-regional transmission inter-connections has the potential to
eventually lead to global inter-connection of solar energy resources and solar energy transfer
from one part of the world to other. The fundamental concept behind OSOWOS is to develop
a trans-national grid that will be laid all over the globe to transport the solar power generated
across the globe to different load centers. It would thus help in realizing the vision of “One
Sun, One World, One Grid” articulated by India.
The MNRE will approve the selection of the Consultant for implementation of this study for
evaluating the feasibility and implementation of the global OSOWOG project. Sustainable
Partnership for Rooftop Solar Acceleration in Bharat (SUPRABHA), a technical assistance
programme of the World Bank through SBI, will fund this study. This partnership will herald

4. 2
the creation of a multi-sectoral and global collaboration to build an ecosystem of
interconnected renewable energy resources.[1]
The OSOWOG study will be implemented in three phases. In the first Phase, the Indian Grid
interconnects with the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia grids to share solar and
other renewable energy resources for meeting electricity needs including during peak demand.
It is then interconnected with the African power pools in the second Phase and the third phase
would vie for global interconnection of the power transmission grid to achieve the One Sun
One World One Grid’s vision.[1]
An intercontinental grid, like OSOWOG, can be instrumental in achieving this goal through
increased deployment and trading of renewable energy. This is entirely sustainable power
producing no carbon emissions and no air or water pollution.
The ball has been set rolling. The first plenary on OSOWOG was organized along the side-
lines of the recently concluded Third Assembly of ISA- Member countries during 14-16
October 2020. In its first positive response to the initiative, the United Kingdom (UK), during
the Assembly visualized OSOWOG and World Solar Bank as two key deliverables in
November 2021 at the 26th Conference of Parties COP26 to be held in Glasgow. Rt Hon. Alok
Sharma (Member of Parliament, Secretary of State for Business Energy and Industrial
Strategy) offered UK’s support to ISA Secretariat on implementation of OSOWOG initiative.
The roadmap for implementing the OSOWOG vision is anticipated to be ready by 2021.[2]
There exists a robust economic and environmental imperative. With the technology for
transmitting electricity through sub-sea cables also well established and proven, the onus is on
the global leaders to leverage and garner political will and mobilize financing to make this a
reality.
The project OSOWOG can make India a leading country in view of solar power. ISA
International Solar Alliance head quartered in Gurugram, India. 5 acres of land is allocated to
the ISA in National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) campus, Gurugram by Government of
India also a sum of Rs. 160 crores have been released for creating a corpus fund, building
infrastructure and meeting day to day recurring expenditure of the ISA up to the year 2021-
22.[1]

5. 3
Solar Power is one of the fastest-growing industries in India. The Indian government had
launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in 2010(JNNSM) with a target of
achieving 20 GW by 2022., which was achieved 4 years ahead of schedule. In the year 2015,
the target was revised to 100 GW of solar capacity by the year 2022. The solar installed
capacity of India has reached 44.3 GW as on 31 August 2021.[2]
Table 1: Major Solar power plants in India. [2]
Plant State Commissioned
DC Peak
Power MW
Information
Bhadla Solar
Park
Rajasthan March 2020 2245
World's biggest solar
park in terms of
generation and Second
largest in terms of area
as on March 2020
Pavagada Solar
Park
Karnataka December 2019 2,050
Second biggest solar
park in the world and
world's largest in terms
of area as on March 2020
Kurnool Ultra
Mega Solar
Park
Andhra Pradesh 2017 1,000
NP Kunta Andhra Pradesh 2020 900
In Nambulapulakunta
Mandal. Total planned
capacity of 1500 MW
Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Madhya Pradesh 2018 750
Charanka Solar
Park
Gujarat 2012 690
Situated at Charanka
village in Patan district.
Capacity expected to go
up to 790 MW in 2019.
Kamuthi Solar
Power Project
Tamil Nadu March 2017 648
With a generating
capacity of 648 MWp at
a single location, it is the
world's 12th largest solar
park based on capacity.

6. 4
Ananthapuramu
- II
Andhra Pradesh 2019 400
Located at Talaricheruvu
village in Tadipatri
mandal of Anantapur
district. Planned capacity
500 MW
More,
• India’s Largest Floating Solar PV Project at Andhra Pradesh.
• Largest Solar Rooftop in Punjab.
• Largest Solar Power Park is Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan.
• Solar Power Based Airport in Cochin & Kolkata.
Figure 1: Installed capacity in India through Solar technology. [3]

7. 5
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS
• To understand the need of OSOWOG initiative.
• To find its prospects for India.
• To spot the issues and challenges associated with OSOWOG.
• To analyze the strategic importance of OSOWOG for India.
• Scale up applications of solar technologies in member counties.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 SOLAR POWER GENERATION
Energy can be harnessed directly from the sun, even in cloudy weather. Solar energy is used
worldwide and is increasingly popular for generating electricity or heating and desalinating
water. Solar power is generated in two main ways:
Photovoltaics (PV), also called solar cells, are electronic devices that convert sunlight directly
into electricity. The modern solar cell is likely an image most people would recognize– they
are in the panels installed on houses and in calculators. They were invented in 1954 at Bell
Telephone Laboratories in the United States. Today, PV is one of the fastest-growing
renewable energy technologies, and is ready to play a major role in the future global electricity
generation mix.
Solar PV installations can be combined to provide electricity on a commercial scale, or
arranged in smaller configurations for mini-grids or personal use. Using solar PV to power
mini-grids is an excellent way to bring electricity access to people who do not live near power
transmission lines, particularly in developing countries with excellent solar energy resources.
The cost of manufacturing solar panels has plummeted dramatically in the last decade, making
them not only affordable but often the cheapest form of electricity. Solar panels have a lifespan
of roughly 30 years, and come in variety of shades depending on the type of material used in
manufacturing.

8. 6
Figure 2: Block Diagram for Solar PV technology. [4]
Concentrated solar power (CSP), uses mirrors to concentrate solar rays. These rays heat
fluid, which creates steam to drive a turbine and generate electricity. CSP is used to generate
electricity in large-scale power plants.
A CSP power plant usually features a field of mirrors that redirect rays to a tall thin tower.
One of the main advantages of a CSP power plant over a solar PV power plant is that it can be
equipped with molten salts in which heat can be stored, allowing electricity to be generated
after the sun has set.
Figure 7: Block Diagram for Solar thermal CSP technology. [4]

9. 7
2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
PV systems can be broadly classified in two major groups:
1) Stand-Alone: These systems are isolated from the electric distribution grid. Figure 3
describes the most common system configuration. The system described in Figure 3 is actually
one of the most complex; and includes all the elements necessary to serve AC appliances in a
common household or commercial application. An additional generator (e.g., bio-diesel or
wind) could be considered to enhance the reliability but it is not necessary. The number of
components in the system will depend on the type of load that is being served. The inverter
could be eliminated or replaced by a DC-to-DC converter if only DC loads are to be fed by
the PV modules. It is also possible to directly couple a PV array to a DC load when alternative
storage methods are used or when operating schedules are not of importance. A good example
may be water pumping applications where a PV module is directly coupled to a DC pump,
water is stored in a tank through the day whenever energy is available.
Figure 3: Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System. [5]
2) Grid-Tied: These systems are directly coupled to the electric distribution network and do
not require battery storage. Figure 4 describes the basic system configuration. Electric energy
is either sold or bought from the local electric utility depending on the local energy load
patterns and the solar resource variation during the day, this operation mode requires an
inverter to convert DC currents to AC currents. There are many benefits that could be obtained
from using grid-tied PV systems instead of the traditional stand-alone schemes.

10. 8
Figure 4: Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System. [5]
Design of a PV Grid-Connected System
The site should have the following parameters.
• The site should have a good and excellent solar potential. Solar potential has been already
evaluated, and published data is available with reference to Earth’s latitude and longitude
worldwide.
• The site should be suitable for mounting PV panels, ground mounted,
roof mounted, and so on.
• PV arrays are affected badly by shading. The site should be free from
shade by obstructions from trees and buildings. The site should be clear
and unobstructed to sun rays for longer periods of days.
• PV modules should have good orientation, mostly true south, to attract
more sunlight during the day. PV modules should be mounted on frames
and tilted toward true south.
• The tilt of a PV array in a location achieves maximum power output during the year.
• The required area for installation of PV modules depends on the size of
the power output. Five acres of land is required to generate 1 MWp of
power in India. This area requirement depends on the location, the solar
irradiance, and PV modules’ capacity.

11. 9
Solar PV Technology
This section gives a brief description of the solar PV technology used in Grid-Tied PV system.
Figure 5: Mono-and Poly-Crystalline Silicon PV Cell. [5]
PV cells are made of light-sensitive semiconductor materials that use photons to dislodge
electrons to drive an electric current. Crystalline cells are made from ultra-pure silicon raw
material such as those used in semiconductor chips. They use silicon wafers that are typically
150-200 microns (one fifth of a millimeter) thick.[5]
Monocrystalline PV panels have the best level of potency because they are made from the
highest quality silicon. These are space-efficient and have the longest possible life, too. The
costliest are the monocrystalline solar panels. A large amount of the original silicone ends up
in these panels as a waste product” The method followed to produce polycrystalline silicon is
simpler and more cost effective. Compared to monocrystalline, the amount of waste silicone
produced is lower. Polycrystalline solar panels tend to be significantly less heat resistant than
monocrystalline solar photovoltaic panels
PV Components and Standards
Assembly of PV cells, mostly with 36 cells, connected in four parallel rows connected in series
with an area ranging from 0.50 to 1.00 m2 are called PV modules. Several modules assembled
structurally and connected in series electrically are called panels. Assembly of several panels,
electrically connected in series, are called arrays, and several arrays, electrically connected in
parallel, to produce power is called PV generator. Fig. 6 shows the layout configuration

12. 10
Figure 6: PV Generator Assembly. [6]
2.3 CHALLENGES AND OPPERTUNITIES
1)Transmission
Most grid around the world using alternating current to send the electricity to their power lines
that’s because it is pretty easy to step up and step down the voltage of ac power by taking the
advantage of induction using a transformer.
Direct current doesn’t cause induction so it doesn’t work with transformers but in ac power
line that same induction also causes quite significant energy losses along with the phase
displacement, capacitances, fact that alternating current only conducts along the surface of the
wire (called as skin effect). Direct current doesn’t suffer from any of these losses. So, if we
sending electricity over long distances then direct current is way more efficient.
In early days when electricity was introduced in form of low voltage DC there was no
significant development in the field of converters. Due to this fact low voltage DC systems
were not able to sustain themselves for a significant period and were replaced with high
voltage AC systems. During last 62 years high voltage AC systems remained dominant in
power transmission and distribution networks. In last two decades the developments in the
field of converters have resulted in high efficiency DC-DC conversion systems. In addition to
that renewable energy system which are inherently DC in nature have also stressed the use of

13. 11
DC networks for power transmission and distribution. All the electrical energy storage systems
including capacitors, batteries etc. are also DC.
Transmitting energy from renewable sources would require high voltage lines. For this
purpose, HVDC is more suitable as compared to HVAC because most of the renewable energy
sources specially wind is in offshore or remote areas. John Mac Cormacket. al., presented a
scheme for delivering wind power over an optimized HVDC network. The study was carried
out on Jiuquan wind power base located in western China for 2015. [7]
The results of the study prove that an HVDC link with an optimized transmission capacity will
considerably improve quality and cost of power delivered. The unit investment of HVDC
transmission line has a large impact on total power transmitted, profit and optimal schemes.[8]
Figure 9: Cost Benefit Analysis Graph [8]
2) Grid Integration
The small-scale electricity generators such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are generally
connected to the grid at the primary or secondary distribution and are considered as distributed
generation (DG). Often, these small-scale renewable generators cannot be directly connected
to the grid. The generation technology or the operational characteristics require the use of
some interface between the generator and utility distribution grid. The exponential growth of
the photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems has hence, thrown up many issues and

14. 12
challenges regarding the integration of these systems into utility networks at high levels of
penetration. [9]. Most of the electric distribution systems are designed, operated and protected
on the assumption that there is a single source of voltage on each distribution feeder. However,
the interconnection of small-scale renewable energy distributed generation to the distribution
grid violates this basic assumption. Therefore, certain mandatory requirements are essential
for meeting interconnecting distributed generation to the grid, in order to ensure safe and
reliable operation.
3) Safety
Industrial customers have also recently focused on interconnecting PV generation systems to
operate in parallel with the grid. Major safety equipment and periodic checks by utility
personnel or professional engineers may be important and affordable for the safety of large
generation sites, but these requirements are unreasonable for small PV systems. Depending on
the system design, some utility interconnected PV systems operate at DC voltages in excess
of 300 volts before being inverted to standard alternating current. The potential fire hazard of
DC at these voltages is greater than that of standard AC, because it is more difficult to
extinguish a DC arc than an AC arc at the same voltage. However, proper wiring ensures that
any hazards related to DC power are significantly reduced.
4) Batteries
The power generation from renewable power sources is variable in nature, and may contain
unacceptable fluctuations, which can be alleviated by using energy storage systems. However,
the cost of batteries and their limited lifetime are serious disadvantages. A selected combined
topology and a new control scheme are proposed to control the power sharing between
batteries and supercapacitors. Also, a method for sizing the energy storage system together
with the hybrid distribution based on the photovoltaic power curves is introduced. This
innovative contribution not only reduces the stress levels on the battery, and hence increases
its life span, but also provides constant power injection to the grid during a defined time
interval.[10]

15. 13
5) Inverters
The inverter is a major component of photovoltaic (PV) systems either autonomous or grid
connected. It affects the overall performance of the PV system. Any problems or issues with
an inverter are difficult to notice unless the inverter totally shuts down. Power electronics
converter circuits have a tendency to generate harmonics in the suppl system as well as in the
load circuit. Also, its one disadvantages is that a greater number of power semiconductor
switches are needed.
6) Solar E-Waste
Solar energy is looked at as a critical component to fight against increased climate change. It
is seen as the green solution for the increased demand in energy, but the problems that will
occur after 20–30 years when these solar panels have to be disposed of are seldom considered.
Due to increased growth in the development and utilization of solar energy resources, the
disposal of waste solar panels has become problematic.
The world’s total annual electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) reached a record of 41.8
million metric ton in 2014. Annual global PV panel waste was 1,000 times less in the same
year. Yet by 2050, the PV panel waste added annually could exceed 10% of the record global
e-waste added in 2014. As the analysis contained in this report shows, the challenges and
experiences with e-waste management can be turned into opportunities for PV panel waste
management in the future.[11]
Growing PV panel waste presents a new environmental challenge, but also unprecedented
opportunities to create value and pursue new economic avenues. India has no regulations
mandating collection, recovery and recycling of end-of-life PV panels. This means waste PV
panels generated today are covered by general waste regulations. Accordingly, an industrial-
scale e-waste recycling infrastructure already exists in India but only covers household
electronics and not PV. So, India should identify investment and technical requirements for
dedicated PV recycling facilities with focus on high-value recovery.

16. 14
Figure 10: End-of-life PV panel waste volumes for India to 2050. [11]
CHAPTER 3
3.1 CONCLUSION & DISCUSSION
Although the Project is yet to be implemented on ground level, it has enormous potential.
Whole world is struggling with the pandemic and stringent environmental norms are really
necessary to maintain in order to protect the world from natural disasters in future. OSOWOG
can certainly help in that. It will promote environment friendly energy production. The kind
of transparency that has been kept by India in the context of this scheme so far will continue
to get support even further globally. Promoting renewable energy through OSOWOG will
achieve the goal of energy sustainability across international borders. The successful
implementation of OSOWOG will help in reducing the current energy challenges of the world
and provide a big strategic edge to India globally. The move is the key to future renewable-
based energy systems globally because regional and international interconnected green grids
can enable sharing and balancing of renewable energy across international borders

17. 15
REFERENCES
[1]."Session on One Sun One World One Grid," 28 November 2020.,
http://www.isolaralliance.org.
[2]."Ministry of New and Renewable Energy source (MNRE)," 2021,
http:www.mnre.gov.in.
[3]. "Solar Energy Data," 2020, http:/www.irena.org/statistics.
[4].T.Kaur, "Solar PV Integration in Smart Grid - Issues," International Journal of
Advanced Research in Electrical, vol. 4, no. 7, p. 2, 2015.
[5]."Solar Photovoltaic (“PV”) Systems," in Handbook of Solar PV System, Ang Kian
Seng and David Tan, 2010, pp. 4.
[6].K. R. & C. Indulkar, "Solar Energy And Photovoltic Technology," in Distribution And
Generation System, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, 2017, pp. 69-147.
[7].J. Hu, K. Xu, L. Lin, R. Zeng. “Analysis and enhanced control of Hybrid-MMC-based
HVDC Systems During Asymmetrical DC Voltage Faults.” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery,32, No.3 (2017) 1394-1403.
[8].A. e. al, "Renewable and Sustainable Energy," Comparative study of HVAC and HVDC
transmission systems, no. 59, p. 1653–1675, 2016.
[9].Ward Bower et. al., "“A Technical Report to Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems,"
Sandia National Laboratories, California, March 2012.
[10]. Víctor Manuel Miñambres-Marcos et. al., "A Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter
with Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage," Power Electrical and Electronic
Systems Research Group, 2017.
[11]. S. Weckend, "Photovoltaic Power System Program," End-of-life Managment, pp.
59-72, 2016.