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muscle injury. And transportation of injured patient

Muscle injury and transportation of injured patient

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MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES-FRACTURES, DISLOCATION, MUSCLES INJURIES Musculoskeletal injuries are the injuries to bone, muscle, ligament and tendon due to accident, fall, any force, balanced posture, strenuous exercises which affect the movement of the body. Fracture Fracture is defined as breakage in the continuity of one due to any external force. It may be complete or complete/open or closed. Causes 1. Direct force: Bone is broken by direct blow of force, e.g., fall, bullet pass through bone or a wheel passed over the body. 2. Indirect force: Bone breaks away from the point where force is blown/applied, e.g., fracture of collar bone. 3. Muscular force: It occurs due to severe contraction of muscles, e.g., fracture of ribs due to severe/violent cough. This type of fracture is very rare and occur with diseases, e.g., weak uncommon, mostly bone structure.
Signs and Symptoms  Pain at the site of injury  Swelling  Difficulty in moving  Crepitus sound at the site of fracture  Tenderness  Limb may be shortened, twisted and bent  Loss of function  Bleeding from the wound  Shock in severe cases Aims of First Aid for Fractures  To prevent victim from further harm/injur  To decrease pain  To treat shock  To get medical facility as soon as possible Dislocation Dislocation is defined as destruction of tissues around • the joints and displacement of bones, Most common ints that can dislocate are shoulder, knees, jaw, humbs, and finger joints. Causes Sudden twist Fall Car accident Contact sports injuries Muscle weakness Signs and Symptoms
 Severe pain  Unable to move joint.  Swelling  Bruising  Bending and shortening of joint (deformity) First Aid for Dislocation  Ensure the victim stays calm.  Help the victim to hold up dislocated joint in comfortable position.  By using bandage, immobilize dislocated joint.  Arm. In case of arm displacement, use sling to support  In case of leg injuries, broad fold bandages or pad-ding must be used.  Use ice pack to reduce pain and swelling around the joint.  Transport injured person to nearby hospital at earliest. Muscle Injuries Muscle injuries occur due to over stretching of muscles because of sudden exertion and twisting of any body part. Commonly known muscle injury is strain. Causes of Muscle Injuries  Too much physical exertion  Improper warming up prior to physical activity  Less flexibility in body Signs and Symptoms  Severe pain  Swelling  Difficulty to move injured part  Discoloration
 Bruising of skin First Aid for Muscle Injuries  Provide comfortable position and reassure the victim.  If possible, put firm bandage before swelling occurs.  After application of bandage, wet it with cold water and keep it wet.  If ice pack is available, then apply it over injured part to reduce swelling.  Take the patient to the doctor. TRANSPORTATION OF AN INJURED PERSON  Transportation of an injured person to hospital is a vital step of action. It is necessary for healthcare provider who is first aider to check the casualty before transportation for:  Victim’s respiration to be normal.  Normal pulse rate.  Bleeding should be arrested.  Injured part should be well-supported or immobi-lized.  Transportation must be done in a way so that no further injury occurs.  Always keep the victim warm. General Principles of Handling Injured Casualty Before Transportation  Don’t move unnecessarily till assistance is available.  Reassure the injured casualty/victim.  Always explain the injured about, what is going to be done, for full support and cooperation.  While moving casualty, maintain proper body mechanics, never put own safety in danger.
 Move casualty to safe area with the help of assistant and helpers must know about their role.  Command should be given only by one person.  Make arrangements for transport for sending casualty to the hospital as soon as possible. Methods of Transportation Manual lifting  By one first aider  By two first aiders Carry chair Stretchers Rescue by  Air-helicopter  Land-ambulance, motorbikes.  Water-boat Manual Lifting Manual lifting is the safe method for victim as well as for first aider. General rules to be kept in mind while using manual lift are following:  Always use strongest muscles of body parts, i.e., shoulder, thigh and hip muscles.  Keep feet wide apart to keep the body well-balanced and stable. Wide base helps to have better stability.  Keep back straight, to prevent strain on back.  Hold with your entire hand.  Hold the victim as close as feasible.  Bring down the victim if imbalance felt.
 Change position of first aider if there are two first aiders and begin lifting again. It prevents first aider from begin tired. Manual Lift by One First Aider Casualty is carried by one first aider using human crutch, drag method, cradle method, pick a back and fireman’s lift and carry method. 1. Human crutch
2. Pick a bag
3. Drag method 4. Cradle method
5. Fireman’s lift Manual Lifting by Two First Aiders Casualty is carried by two healthcare providers which can be done by two handed seat, four handed seat and fore and aft method. Two handed seat: This method is used for those injured persons who are not able to help the first aider. Steps to be followed are:  Both first aiders squat facing each other on either side of the victim.  Reach under the victim’s shoulders and under their knees.  First aiders grasp the each other’s wrists.  From the squat, with good lifting technique, first aiders stand (Fig. 13).  Lift together by keeping back straight, walk together, in the direction that the victim is facing.
Four handed seat: This type of method is used when victim is able to support first aider by using one or both arms, in which victim is conscious. Steps to be followed include:  First aiders stand facing each other.  Both first aiders make seat by holding own left wrist by own right hand.  With free hand, first aiders hold each other’s wrist (Fig. 14).  Guide the victim to put an arm around neck of first aiders and sit on the hands of first aiders.  Lift together by keeping the back straight, walk together in same pace.
Fore and aft method: This method is used to put an unconscious victim on stretcher or a carry chair. Steps to be followed are:  Firstly, put the victim’s arms over his abdomen.  Squat at backside of victim and slide arms below his/her armpits, then hold his/her wrist.  Command other person (first aider) to squat between legs of the victim, and hold the victim below his/her knees.  Lift together by keeping your back straight, walk together in same pace (
Carry Chair This is commonly known as chair method. It is used for those people who are not with serious injury and are conscious. It is used to take the victim upstairs or downstairs and victim can be seated on a simple chair. And is carried by two first aiders. It can be done by chair method and wheel chair method. Chair method: In this method, first aider can use an ordinary chair. Steps to be followed for using chair method:  Check that the chair is strong enough to carry the victim.  Help the victim to sit on chair and secure the victim with the help of bandages.  Stand, one in front and other one behind the Victim.  Support backside of chair and victim.  Second person holds chair from front legs.  To secure the victim, tilt chair backwards slowly.  Raise victim in the chair and move together in same pace
Wheel chair method: All the steps are same as chair method but points to remember in wheel chair method are (which are different from chair method)  Firstly, find out breaks of wheel chair.  Secondly, lock the brakes.
 Hold the chair from their handles or fixed parts (these are secured parts of chair), and never by wheels. Stretchers This method is used to take away seriously injured person, so that further risk of injury can be minimized. It is also used to carry injured person to ambulance or to the shelter. The principles of using stretcher include the following:  Check the stretcher to make sure that it is in working condition.  Assess that the stretcher is solid/strong enough to bear the weight of injured person.  Always explain and reassure the injured person before putting the victim over the stretcher.  Secure the victim with straps.