The document discusses how multinational corporations determine their cost of capital and establish optimal capital structures. It explains that an MNC's cost of capital may differ from domestic firms due to their size, access to international markets, diversification across countries, and exposure to exchange rate and country risks. The cost of capital also varies by country based on interest rates, risk premiums, and tax laws. An MNC considers these corporate and country characteristics when deciding how much debt and equity to use in different subsidiaries to minimize its overall cost of capital.

1. Multinational Cost of Capital
& Capital Structure
6Chapter

2. A17 - 2
Chapter Objectives
• To explain how corporate and
country characteristics influence an
MNC’s cost of capital;
• To explain why there are differences in the
costs of capital across countries; and
• To explain how corporate and country
characteristics are considered by an MNC
when it establishes its capital structure.

3. A17 - 3
Cost of Capital
• A firm’s capital consists of equity
(retained earnings and funds obtained by
issuing stock) and debt (borrowed funds).
• The cost of equity reflects an opportunity
cost, while the cost of debt is reflected in
interest expenses.
• Firms want a capital structure that will
minimize their cost of capital, and hence
the required rate of return on projects.

4. A17 - 4
• A firm’s weighted average cost of capital
kc = ( D )kd (1 _
t ) + ( E )ke
D+E D+E
where D is the amount of debt of the firm
E is the equity of the firm
kd is the before-tax cost of its debt
t is the corporate tax rate
ke is the cost of financing with equity
Cost of Capital

5. A17 - 5
• A firm’s weighted average cost of capital
kc = ( D ) kd (1 _
t ) + ( E ) ke
D+E D+E
If debt D = 30 and Equity E = 70, return on
debt = 10%, return on equity = 15% and
tax rate = 30% Calculate company cost
of capital.
Cost of Capital Problem

6. A17 - 6
Cost of Capital - Solution
• (30/100) * 10( 1- 0.30) + ( 70/100) * 15
• = (0.30 * 7.00) + (0.7 * 15) = 2.10 + 10.5 =
12.6%

7. A17 - 7
• The interest payments on debt are tax
deductible. However, as interest expenses
increase, the probability of bankruptcy will
increase too.
• It is favorable to increase the use of debt
financing until the point at which the
bankruptcy probability becomes large
enough to offset the tax advantage of
using debt.
Cost of Capital

8. A17 - 8
Cost of Capital for MNCs
• The cost of capital for MNCs may differ
from that for domestic firms because of
the following differences.
 Size of Firm. Because of their size, MNCs
are often given preferential treatment by
creditors. They can usually achieve
smaller per unit flotation costs too.

9. A17 - 9
 Acess to International Capital Markets.
MNCs are normally able to obtain funds
through international capital markets,
where the cost of funds may be lower.
 International Diversification. MNCs may
have more stable cash inflows due to
international diversification, such that
their probability of bankruptcy may be
lower.
Cost of Capital for MNCs

10. A17 - 10
 Exposure to Exchange Rate Risk. MNCs
may be more exposed to exchange rate
fluctuations, such that their cash flows
may be more uncertain and their
probability of bankruptcy higher.
 Exposure to Country Risk. MNCs that have
a higher percentage of assets invested in
foreign countries are more exposed to
country risk.
Cost of Capital for MNCs

11. A17 - 11
• The capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
can be used to assess how the required
rates of return of MNCs differ from those
of purely domestic firms.
• According to CAPM, ke = Rf + β (Rm – Rf)
where ke = the required return on a stock
Rf = risk-free rate of return
Rm = market return
β = the beta of the stock
Cost of Capital for MNCs

12. A17 - 12
• A stock’s beta represents the sensitivity of
the stock’s returns to market returns, just
as a project’s beta represents the
sensitivity of the project’s cash flows to
market conditions.
• The lower a project’s beta, the lower its
systematic risk, and the lower its required
rate of return, if its unsystematic risk can
be diversified away.
Cost of Capital for MNCs

13. A17 - 13
• An MNC that increases its foreign sales
may be able to reduce its stock’s beta, and
hence the return required by investors.
This translates into a lower overall cost of
capital.
• However, MNCs may consider
unsystematic risk as an important factor
when determining a foreign project’s
required rate of return.
Cost of Capital for MNCs

14. A17 - 14
• Hence, we cannot be certain if an MNC will
have a lower cost of capital than a purely
domestic firm in the same industry.
Cost of Capital for MNCs

15. A17 - 15
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• The cost of capital may vary across
countries, such that:
 MNCs based in some countries may have
a competitive advantage over others;
 MNCs may be able to adjust their
international operations and sources of
funds to capitalize on the differences; and
 MNCs based in some countries may have
a more debt-intensive capital structure.

16. A17 - 16
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• The cost of debt to a firm is primarily
determined by  the prevailing risk-free
interest rate of the borrowed currency and
 the risk premium required by creditors.
• The risk-free rate is determined by the
interaction of the supply and demand for
funds. It may vary due to different tax
laws, demographics, monetary policies,
and economic conditions.

17. A17 - 17
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• The risk premium compensates creditors
for the risk that the borrower may be
unable to meet its payment obligations.
• The risk premium may vary due to
different economic conditions,
relationships between corporations and
creditors, government intervention, and
degrees of financial leverage.

18. A17 - 18
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• Although the cost of debt may vary across
countries, there is some positive
correlation among country cost-of-debt
levels over time.

19. A17 - 19
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• A country’s cost of equity represents an
opportunity cost – what the shareholders
could have earned on investments with
similar risk if the equity funds had been
distributed to them.
• The return on equity can be measured by
the risk-free interest rate plus a premium
that reflects the risk of the firm.

20. A17 - 20
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• A country’s cost of equity can also be
estimated by applying the price/earnings
multiple to a given stream of earnings.
• A high price/earnings multiple implies that
the firm receives a high price when selling
new stock for a given level of earnings.
So, the cost of equity financing is low.

21. A17 - 21
Risk and Return – Portfolio Theory
• Harry Markowitz’s portfolio theory can be
used to estimate returns required by
investors in different stock market
investments. Investor can reduce standard
deviation of portfolio returns by choosing
stocks that do not move exactly together.

22. A17 - 22
Portfolio theory
• Suppose investment in shares of Coca-cola or
Reebok has to be made. Reebok offers an
expected return of 20% and Coca-cola 10%. Std.
deviation of returns is 31.5% for Coca-cola and
58.5% for Reebok. The correlation between the
returns of coca-coal and Reebok has been 0.20.
• What will be the expected return on the portfolio
and what will be the portfolio standard deviation,
if it is decided to invest 65% in Coca-cola and
35% in Reebok.

23. A17 - 23
Two security case
• Portfolio risk can be formally defined as σp =
• √X2
x σ2
x +X2
yσ2
y + 2XxXy(rxy σx σy)
• Where σp = Portfolio standard deviation
Xx Xy =% of total portfolio value in stock X,Y
σx ,σy = Standard deviation of stock X and Y and rxy =
correlation coefficient of X and Y
• Note :rxy σx σy = Covxy

24. A17 - 24
Expected return - Solution
• Reebok expected return = 20%
• Coca cola = 10%
• Investment in Reebok = 35%
• Investment in Coca Cola = 65%
• Expected return on portfolio =
• (0.35 x 0.20) + (0.65 x 0.10) = 0.07 + 0.065 =
0.135 = 13.5%

25. A17 - 25
Solution
• Variance = [(0.652
) x (31.52
)] +
• [(0.352
) x (58.52
)] +
• 2(0.65 x 0.35 x 0.2 x 31.5 x 58.5)
• = 1006.1
• Std.deviation = 31.7

26. A17 - 26
Costs of Capital Across Countries
• The costs of debt and equity can be
combined, using the relative proportions
of debt and equity as weights, to derive an
overall cost of capital.

27. A17 - 27
The MNC’s
Capital Structure Decision
• The overall capital structure of an MNC is
essentially a combination of the capital
structures of the parent body and its
subsidiaries.
• The capital structure decision involves the
choice of debt versus equity financing,
and is influenced by both corporate and
country characteristics.

28. A17 - 28
The MNC’s
Capital Structure Decision
Corporate Characteristics
• Stability of cash flows. MNCs with more
stable cash flows can handle more debt.
• Credit risk. MNCs that have lower credit
risk have more access to credit.
• Access to retained earnings. Profitable
MNCs and MNCs with less growth may be
able to finance most of their investment
with retained earnings.

29. A17 - 29
The MNC’s
Capital Structure Decision
• Agency problems. Host country
shareholders may monitor a subsidiary,
though not from the parent’s perspective.
• Guarantees on debt. If the parent backs
the subsidiary’s debt, the subsidiary may
be able to borrow more.
Corporate Characteristics

30. A17 - 30
Country Characteristics
• Stock restrictions. MNCs in countries
where investors have less investment
opportunities may be able to raise equity
at a lower cost.
• Interest rates. MNCs may be able to obtain
loanable funds (debt) at a lower cost in
some countries.
The MNC’s
Capital Structure Decision

31. A17 - 31
• Country risk. If the host government is
likely to block funds or confiscate assets,
the subsidiary may prefer debt financing.
The MNC’s
Capital Structure Decision
• Strength of currencies. MNCs tend to
borrow the host country currency if they
expect it to weaken, so as to reduce their
exposure to exchange rate risk.
Country Characteristics

32. A17 - 32
• Tax laws. MNCs may use more local debt
financing if the local tax rates (corporate
tax rate, withholding tax rate, etc.) are
higher.
The MNC’s
Capital Structure Decision
Country Characteristics

33. A17 - 33
Impact of Multinational Capital Structure
Decisions on an MNC’s Value
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Parent’s Capital Structure
Decisions

34. A17 - 34
• Introduction to the Cost of Capital
¤ Comparing the Costs of Equity and Debt
• Cost of Capital for MNCs
­ Size of Firm
­ Access to International Capital Markets
­ International Diversification
­ Exposure to Exchange Rate Risk
­ Exposure to Country Risk
Chapter Review

35. A17 - 35
Chapter Review
• Cost of Capital for MNCs … continued
¤ Cost of Capital Comparison Using the
CAPM
¤ Implications of the CAPM for an MNC’s
Risk