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Dr. Mandeep Rathee, KVK Kaithal, CCSHAU Hisar, profile picture
Uploaded byDr. Mandeep Rathee, KVK Kaithal, CCSHAU Hisar
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Morphology of Honey Bees.ppt

The document provides an overview of bee anatomy and physiology, describing the three main body segments of the head, thorax, and abdomen. It details the external structures of the bee including the eyes, antennae, mouthparts, wings, and legs. The summary also explains key internal structures and glands located within the abdomen such as the wax glands, Nasanov gland, and venom gland.

Education◦
Dr. Mandeep Rathee Training Assistant KVK Kaithal mndprathee@gmail.com CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar ONLINE TRAINING ON BEEKEEPING
• Morphology – Study of form and structure of organism – Greek work: morphe meaning ‘form’ + logos means ‘study’ – Eidonomy: Study of external appearance of an organism – Eidos: ‘form’ – Anatomy: Study of internal appearance of an organism – Anatome: ‘dissection’ • Physiology – Study of functions, mechanisms, and activities of organisms at the cellular or organ system level – Physis means ‘nature’ + logia means ‘study of’ 8/1/2022 2 Introduction
Body Division • HEAD • THORAX • ABDOMEN 8/1/2022 3
HEAD • Anterior most part of the body (3.1-4.0 mm width) • Visual, olfactory, gustatory and communication center • Triangular (anterior view) and flat (posterior view) • Worker: triangular and slightly longer than broad • Queen: A bit round • Drone: Much large, round and greatly occupied by the large black kidney shaped compound eyes which meet at the top (vertex) of the head 8/1/2022 4 •Geniculate (2) ANTENNAE •Compound eyes (2) •Ocelli (3) EYES •Chewing and lapping MOUTH PARTS •Suboesophageal ganglion BRAIN
8/1/2022 5 • Compound eyes (two) – Present dorsoventrally – Composed of photoreceptor cells known as Ommatidium – Pick up shapes & colours – Ommatidia: 3000-4000 (queen) to 8000-9000 (drones) – Complex image – 2.4 mm to 3.6 mm • Simple eyes/ Ocelli (three) – Present as triplet on dorsal surface – Navigation & orientation – Consist on one lens – Simple image – 0.30 to 0.36 mm • Cannot see RED, but possess UV vision Eyes
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8/1/2022 7 • Antennae (two): Geniculate type (elbow shaped, 5.4-5.5 mm length) • Sensory organs of touch, odor, hear, temperature, RH • Present between compound eyes • Possess Johnston’s organ in pedicel – Scape – Pedicel – Flagellum Antennae
8/1/2022 8 • Chewing and lapping type for utilizing nectar, pollen and water • Proboscis shaped • Directed downwards • A labrum (upper lip) • A pair of mandible (upper jaw) • A pair of maxillae (lower jaw) • A labium (lower lip) Mouth parts
8/1/2022 9 • A labrum (upper lip) – Small plate like sclerite – Reduced, narrow and rectangular – Hold the food and site for attachment of epipharyngeal wall • A pair of mandible (upper jaw) – Spatula/Dumble like expand distally – Help eat pollen, mold wax – Operate sidewise, protect proboscis – Smallest: Drone – Queen: Strongest, sharp and bilobed to cut open the anterior end of the sealed queen-cell for emergence • A pair of maxillae (lower jaw) – Rod like cardo -Elongated stipes -Maxillary palpi - Galea (fork) -Lacinia (spoon) • A labium (lower lip) – Prementum - Mentum - Submentum – Prementum has sensory palpi – Innermost: Glossae; Outer: Paraglossae Mouth parts Labellum: Glossae terminates to form a spoon shaped lobe to lick nectar
Feeding Mechanism • Proboscis (6.5 mm) • The galeae fit tightly against the elongated labial palps • Roof over the elongated glossae (tongue) to form a temporary food channel through which saliva (from salivary glands) is discharged • The tongue is trusted into flower, which gets smeared with nectar • It is then retracted between labial palps & galeae • Nectar is then squeezed by galeae and is deposited in the cavity formed by the paraglossae • Accumulated nectar is then drawn into oesophagus by the pharyngeal pump 8/1/2022 10
Trophallaxis • Trophallaxis is the transfer of food or other fluids among members of a community through mouth-to-mouth 8/1/2022 11
THORAX • Second body segment • 3.6-4.9 mm long and 3.7 to 4.4 mm wide • Bear 2 pair of wings and 3 pair of legs • Specialized for locomotion – Prothorax – Mesothorax – Metathorax 8/1/2022 12
Wings • Membranous organs of flight • Simple in shape and venation • Forewings (9.5 mm): On mesothorax • Hindwings (7.9 mm): On metathorax • Forewings have sclerotized fold on posterior (PRM) and hindwings have 20 hooks on costal (antenior margin) called hamuli • Locked during flight • Worker also uses wings to ventilate hive • Wing beats: 400-500/minute 8/1/2022 13
Wing coupling 8/1/2022 14
Legs • Three pairs of legs in all the 3 castes • Forelegs (prothoracic legs) – Antennae cleaner – Semi-circular notch on metatarsus and a tibial spur (velum) – Accessory lobe scrapes pollen and dust 8/1/2022 15
Legs • Middle legs (mesothoracic legs) – Pollen brushing legs – Flat metatarsus with several rows of hairs on inner side – Brush off pollen from body surface – Bristle to upload pollen in pollen basket 8/1/2022 16
Legs • Hind legs (mesothoracic legs) – Pollen collecting legs – Tibia highly modified – Pollen basket/corbicula to carry pollen pellets/pants and propolis – Hairs basally and outer surface hold pollen – Broad basitarsus helps in pollen collection and packing – Deep notch (tibia-basitarsus) act as pollen press 8/1/2022 17
Comparison of honey bee legs 8/1/2022 18
Carries visceral organs and systems Queen and worker: 8 segmented Drone: 9 segmented The first abdominal segment (I) is fused with the metathorax, called the propodeum The second abdominal segment (II) is greatly constricted anteriorly at its union with the propodeum, known as petiole The petiole gives freedom to the abdomen movement. The remaining abdominal segments (Ill-VII) are collectively called as gaster The gaster consists of six exposed segments in the females and seven in the drones and the Remaining are concealed and/or considerably modified into external reproductive organs genitalia Abdomen
Thorax and Abdomen 8/1/2022 20
The abdomen also houses different types of glands and spiracles Wax glands: Four pairs are present in the anterior part of the ventral (lower) side of 4th to 7th abdominal segments (sterna) in workers Nasanov gland or scent gland: Present in workers only. Concealed between the upper side of 6th and 7th abdominal segments (terga). Its scent helps the workers in communicating the availability of food sources, threat, etc. Venom gland: Sting and venom sac. The bee sting is a modified ovipositor and serves as an instrument of defense in workers and queen Abdominal glands
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