Modern Physics ( आधुनिक भौतिकी ) Ncert Based Notes PDF | Irfanullah Mehar | Special Theory of Relativity | Atomic Physics | Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity | Matter Waves | Particle Physics | Hindi English Bilingual

T- 2t
 
F
 
PHYSICS
 
B
 
B
 
LEARN• UNDERSTAND • EXPLORE
 
b
 
Compiled by
 
* IRFANULLAH MEHAR
 
9 Pokaran, Jaisalmer (Raj.)
 
@irfanullah_mehar
 
World of Wisdom
 
M irfanullah3119@gmail.com
 
World of Wisdom
 
E=me?
 
F= ma
 
V= IR
 
m/s

Moden
 
(Gecial Shaoy Relatity)
 
Atomic
 
(NeeLea
 
(Nucleas
 
Phyaics
 
Pyalcs)
 
) *8taast (Pantele
 
23]0a225
 
Sund
 
1n (nun)
 
2n (num )
 
-2qn (num)
 
(9
n ( lattes Waveg) 1qn (num)
 
1qn (iheoy)

ferttele) R
 
fantiele)
 
a (jeld Peudicle) Ay 6](exchange
 
8oson
 
hfa (Parntfcde Physics)
 
Dteraction
 
ENsr:tgy
 
s) )
 
GR)
 
Boson

Range
 
Relatire
egth|
omedfte
 
Patlele
 
Fundamental
ferce
 
Short
(sry)
 
Gluons
(sait-y)
fm
 
1
 
(Gravitaticnal
farce
 
Phsturn
(6td)
 
Eecharagmetie
grce
 
80.9,
80.4,3)-2
 
163fm
 
(short/S)
 
0
 
105
 
(Wek
foce)
 
Gravitioms
 
(afafai-T)
 
39
 
10
 
(
Gvavitationad
oree)

(Pasitron t Other
 
Other Antipatiele)
 
1920 Pau dirac eloctron at
 
oleotrn
 
spn)
 
Boson Pantfcle.
 
Scan to Join Telegram Channel
 
@WORLDOFWISDOMSS

.
 
(Leptons)
 
Leptms (tea)
 
Lepton
 
Ge) S
 
(Mes on)
 
Small)
 
(Hedrons)

Lepton
 
(Spln)s
 
These e
 
6 Leptons
 
(Muon)
 
(ole, neutrine)
 
(muen neutrine)
 
(six Leptons )
 
(Tou)
 
+
 
G Tou neutino
 
true clemeto
 
exists
 
ymbalAntipoi Le
 
cle
 
et (-1) +1
 
41
 
41
 
+1
 
Patiales
 
Lz
 
+1
 
+1
 
Liftime
 
Stable
 
Stable
 
|2.20X1D6
 
S}able
 
Stable

Hedrons (J)
 
s Those partfeles whch intraet
 
Hadron
..
 
() Mesom (oi)
 
yg (Yukawa)
 
spin (ro) -
 
1
 
esom Particle ) Ye,
 
an
the berm of elestrm,
 
photn.
 
(Meson decay
 
fositron, Neuno and
 
2
 
1

Pien
 
(9N)9 )
 
(Kin)
 
(Eta)
 
Ks
 
Ki
 
K
 
K
 
(Eto)
 
(9)
 
+)
 
P
 
(Shrangenes) (Gpln)
 
+)
 
fss mass)
 
(Broton fas
 
Lite Period
 
5.2YJ6
 
J. 2 4
XI0
 
K10-18
 
2.2 XI6

(ü)
 
(6)
 
Banyon
 
(Beton)
 
Proton.
 
(aa)
 
NeutUY
 
(lambada)
 
Symbol
 
Heavy
 
(39i- Aaton)
 
P
 
(n)
 
Value)
 
(%
 
(epin) Shagches bid
 
-1
 
614
 
2.6Xl6

Boon
 
(trs)
 
(Dt)
 
(n)
 
M
 
M
 
-|
 
-2
 
6X10
 
6X1629
 
6X164
 
9.9%10

1
 
Ex
 
Spin -
 
-
 
Ex -
 
b,1
 
(SY
 
Lepton,
 
molM, Phsnon,
 
Phonon, Photon, W
 
Batn

2
H?
 
o He' () 2p+2e t
 
6
 
2p +2e t Ih
 
H
 
+2n
 
33p +312e
 
3 Li P+ 4n +2e
 
(i) P g n
 
OPt On + le
 
=8
 
=)
 
=)
 
5 oumien
 
-) Boson
 
reumien
 
S-)
 
Ex= aLi 3p 3)
 
)

NOTE
 
NOT E
 
(4/fas)
 
Lepton 6Tstemin
 
meson 6]
 
Battrn
 
Hedre
 
afos
 
(
 
Fermion
 
Bosn ) emicon
 
(elementa) )

(Lauo
Gnsevtion)
 
(mas emcevahog lao)
 
(5) Bayn
 
anseraton au) beere
 
Cengehvaion la)
 
mementun cmabyatieg
 
la
 
ho, consevation lauw
 
before
 
faa)
 
atter
 
befe

af
 
B
+1
 
B-1
 
8
 
- Cnsere
 
sfa
 
(ag 6e)
 
1+) =2.
 
(ŠS)
 
(Rrn
 
Cun oecur)
 
-1

Ex
 
1+)
 
Ran cat
 
(sfs)
 
Leptn
 
P+P + P
 
SrRÍHT (Hen- conueve)
 
1
 
1
 
Lepton
 
Ate 1+|-)
 
ConseVation
 
Caus
 
(NLa iaj i0 )
 
Leptn

(
 
Ex -
 
Le'
 
+)
 
O
 
+)
 
(e, Ve)
 
(et V
)
 
Lu.
 
( So)
 
(u.
 
(z2)
 
()
 
(G)
 
Rx

Ex
 
Le0
 
Unconseve
 
Le -1
 
fafasaj (Stranqenes)
 
STHH) )
 
D
 
(shrange Paticle)
 
TT+ n

i)
 
Kion
()) ()
 
G) Lambada (rare) (
 
(in)
 
Sigma (=)
 
(ib) Xf
 
(E)
 
() Onaga
(4)
 
abéd
 
ypaen
 
S=+1
 
S=3

(Law 4 Cmeration rangoneas)
 
i) 7
 
Batere
 
faas
 
+ n
 
o
 
AHte
 
( ho3 )
 
( )
 
+1
 
-1
 
S= -)
 
b

(H) T P
T
 
|S = AQ
 
(v) S2
 
S-3
 
Rxh at occh
 
() A°
 
S2
 
(AQ-)
 
|s- (Ne- N)]
 
(Hpes Chabq)
 
Y
BtS
 
(Gallnan Nigtzina nelati)
 
S= 2
 
(a-))

t)
 
(P .n)
 
I=
 
h-1
 
2
 
1932 eTHeiceue

Tsoepin )
 
No.
 
Pattcle
 
P
 
K°
 
)
 
3
 
H
 
+)

sasfg
 
I
 
Bre.
 
B+S
 
9
 
))
 
Uncenaewe
 
Atter

)963
 
+
 
I:
1 + 0
 
fiavoun
it
 
I
 
PtP
 
(Quatk Patfele)
 
6aliman Geore Zaig t
 
Haden
H
IH

()
 
Up
ery)
 
Daon(313;)
 
€) Chamed
 
(-as)
 
(ne
 
Topla9)
 
Bottom
 
(aes)
 
U
 
C
 
b
 
b
 
-ae
 
-4e
 
- e
 
-se
 
B. N.
 
-V
 
-y3
 
+
 
H
 
t
 
+1
 
Up
 
Srange
 
Charneo
 
Top
 
Bottom
 
+)
 
|.
+
 
+)
 
T

(Cempooition Rule)
 
) 11 Bayon
 
1 Ani baon
 
1
 
ti)
 
(i)
 
+
 
(iv) + +
 
n dU
 
UUS
 
2 (+)
 
3
3 Quantk (uja/s)
 
1(+) + 2(-)
 
dls
 
UsS

NOTE
 
+
 
k°
 
dd orv =) UU-dd
 
Us
 
uds
 
ds
 
Pvdiquak
 
ke d s

tiv) n)
 
Q. 1
 
n'
 
2nd Grude 2022
 
Wich
 
d
t U0- 29Š
 
Pantrele & not Lepton
 
Lepton -
 
J3
 
(A) Proton (8) Neutno (c) Musn (4) eston
 
Dnd Gircade 9o2 Sanakit)
 
dss
 
-
 
+I 20t Ild/s)
 
Ans-A
 
Ang=

1st Grad
 
222
 
A)+2e
 
ASAT- 2012
 
H
 
2Ut+19
 
( +e )-2e
 
D
 
Ara-c
 
Amgc

ist GYade 2020 Teoh
 
Panity (sHaj)
 
Pepin
 
"Soepin
 
Sooepin
 
Ud
 
1
 
Sracien
 
Ang- C)
 
(An

Jst qradr 2020 (Tech)
 
(A
 
Q
 
(i)
 
(c)
 
(i)
 
(8) 4
 
Cotumn-I Hz
 
C-I
 
(d) Y
 
rong
 
) Gmavitatinal
 
(i)
 
P
 
Aat grade 2020 (coh)
 
(iij)
 
P
 
Lepton H
eden
 
(P)
 
C-I
 
(Ronge)
 
(2)
 
10
 
Loptuna f Hacren a,
 
Colunn -I 4
 
(r) 1o5 m
 
70
 
Leptons f tHedns )
 
m

(4)
 
Bocon
 
Jst GYade 2020
 
Q9
 
Hedms
 
Heslron
 
Conuevation
 
Chage
 
+ le +le t
 
fnion
 
Leptem
 
men
 
et +
 
feunicne
 
tp
 
Gonsevati'g
 
0to-le +lp
 
Laptune
 
An-c
 
+|t0e lt)
 
|0
 
(4)
 
+|10
 
10

dst qrade
 
RSAT- 14
 
Q.11
 
Baon Gmseata, -
 
() 10 6
 
S
 
(D 1+)1t)
 
B)
 
2
2
 
(mean Lte)
 
tim) 1 16s
 
tiv)
 
Ang- B)
 
eletrun TA
aoj
 
10s
 
Ansc)

RSA
 
RSAT
 
6 Lep tonu
 
e-,
 
-
 
mesom
 
melen
 
neutin
 
sStanfrc medel
 
(c) nodhon (4)daut en
 
6
 
Quade
 
S, C
 
T,b

CL- 2020
 
P B
 
1- 2020 /
 
G5
 
Be
 
(A
 
)
 
PT
 
Ca
 
2D
 
20
 
220
 
Ca
 
20
 
Sr
 
32
 
50
 
20%
 
82
 
13 down uade
 
quask
 
Ans-A

C-L. 020
 
1p 2
Upti don
 
4P= Bp+ 4drwn
 
Be -
 
Be
 
4
 
I3 + B+S
 
2
 
2Q- B- 21
 
n= 5
 
StB +21
 
dn dun
 
13 up- |4 dawn
 
5h l0 olen t 5up
 
Gutenan-Nishipng
 
2
 
I3ts
 
+ B
 
Ans- 8
 
Ans
 
+S

Q.17
 
Ane
 
c.L. 2020
 
no.
 
(8)
 
6 o, 1, %
 
fafersa
 
1,1,
 
(3)
 
X
 
(Ia)
 
+ n
 
Meson op
 
1- B+1
 
B= 1
 
40 =
 
huage Boson a
 
S-1
 
S=1
 
0, o,1
 
(B
 
B+1
 
© 1,0,
 
Gravitun]
 
Ane-D)

CL.2014
 
Q. 19)
 
CL 2016
 
Q.20
 
CL. 20 16
 
The
 
Lep ton for
 
D
 
apin b Bgen
 
efA Leptona
 
sifeo)
 
Bayon
 
r Lepone (r) sakte Panttcle
 
Zehb
 
ho.
 
Ang-)
 
eptun R Neak force
 
beak force
 
|Ars-c)

Q.92
 
consehvat'm lauo
 
(iv) Lsoepi h
 
+1
 
+1
 
-1
 
+) -1
 
Ve
 
+0
 
it1 1

(Nueleah
 
Foree)
 
Nucleens
H
,
Nucleas oree
 
ah&ld)
 
()
 
Propenteis (g)–
 
(i) Short Rage
 
Ruge (iö m)
 
attrective Natre
 
(a61 sb )
 
(in Dnt depend
 
(iy)Not acectral Force
 
)
 
aknge
 
shronqest Freoe.
 
(4hd

(vi)" Acearding to
 
due to evchag 6
 
mucleons.
 
P
 
n
 
P+
T
 
()
 
fafaw
 
n't
TT
 
degstt kollrw
 
Yakausa, is produaed
 
(vi) This kerce is compl'cateol in natue +
 
Nueleoms
 
squee mveece la
 
af

(vi)
 
NOTE
 
Nucleem
 
Ths boree -dont depend en
 
o the spino
 
porallel
 
Nucleen DonT
 
anti palel.
 
the dir" of spin 4
 
stops collosion
 
R
 
nucleons. The keroe
 
nue been s
 
(4) At lao speed,eleetíe vepuleive force
 
meeleons.

NOT E
 
1500
 
binds
 
Ony 260
 
260
 
high peed, nuclear fore
 
nueleems
 
olen't hoappen.
 
Btabili y Nucleus
 
Nuolee
 
that collesrom
 
mueeus,
 
Joj nuclens
 
table en

(A
 
N
 
NJz
 
N
 
N
 
1
 
(1-20 a3)
 
nfa
 
uf
Bable

NOT EJ
 
Even) ad
 
209
 
then
 
Bi
 
83
 
Nucleens
 
(60%
Fn nfars)
 
P- eVen
 
N
 
p- od
 
Numbe
 
Nven
 
nueleus Les takle ( o
 
Hauiet
 
10
 
B
 
180
 
Ta
 
13
 
Etasle Nualeu,

S) Binding nengY
 
NOTE
 
Lrndig
 
then
 
(mogie Nucleaa)
 
P
N
 
Ncleens
 
mere
 
T
 
stakle nuelenl.
 
26, 20, 2%, 50, 226
a
fss
H
 
Htgh stade

Nuclenu
 
Sone pcet oh
 
ito entt
 
calles
 
9)"
 
Mass Dejacl
 
to korm
 
beees
 
ueeu
 
Nueem.
 
)
 
degaet
 
)
 
2.
 
Ane-n)
 
ruclema changea
 
rucleue, by och
 
Ncleons
 
mal

Ma
 
Am -
 
Am=
 
m
Zmp t (A-2)
m
 
my
 
|Am
 
[zmp t (A-z) m,]-m
 
dafact
 
g yiis Recking facar
 
called

(Binding Ey)
 
The minimutn
Enet
 
euied to sepet
 
seperate the nueleens
 
oneng equivalent
 
to maS drfaot ic called REL

B.E, =
 
The
 
uclen
 
Am,C
 
B.E.
 
eaveage ehengy
eguined to oelease
 
Per nuelen,
 
A
 
frm
 
Es BE
 
EL
 
(omX 93)) mev
 
callec 8.E.
 
Am 93| Mer

E
 
bn
 
Ebn
 
Gtabilty t
 
fe max,
 
A220
 
(3.8 mev)
 
(0) A= 56 En
 
8
 
max

Nucleas
Reaclie)
 
Paent
 
) Q- Yalue
 
Greldent
 
Pantele
 
Am.c2
 
Q= Mpued Mhao
 
0fay Ccnaevatan (an)
 
Change
 
Neo Nacless
 
"N t He
 
H
 
(Q)
 
+ teygy
ta
 
omentwm.9

i) a- p
afy
 
(ii )
 
(im)
 
(iv)
 
Ex
 
p- n 3
 
Li +
 
P-a- Reaction
 
i+
H
 
) 1
 
B
 
5
 
m-p Reac
 
2
 
Rencon
 
n
 
He
 
12
 
15
 
Be +H + Q
 
He
+,'He t Q
 
N
 
6
 
n + Q

(vi )
 
2
 
)
 
GOJ Particle.
 
Protom
 
Neutron
 
PosLtron
 
Eletn
 
d- Pastí cle
 
H
+
 
H
 
Y
 
mbol
 
)
 
N
 
1
 
+ 1
 
2
 
1

NOTE
 
turms
 
Artfneutino bure
 
due to
 
to
 
Artineino
 
h
 
P
 
Netn BotunjGe2r
 
ectrm
 
dub to
 
ta
 
Protn
 
Neutrino Aomed
 
Proton ido
 
Neuhon,
 
Proten
 
Neutnino
 
D
(gr)
 
+D (Nastno)

Con bi hes
 
Nuclean Fusion
 
(Beethey
)
 
4,H'
 
eaetic
 
Pxoton- Proton yele
 
Light oeashiyueleug
 
(io ATm)
 
This veactin happene at high temp. (10K to
 
Lo°K ) hgh prseNe (1o atm).
 
hesy
 
(8)
 
K)
 
2 He t 2e°+ 2)+
 
+V+
 
(26. 73Mev)

)
 
HE +
HeHe +, H
t, H'
 
breaks
 
A phenemanon n
 
phencehn
 
g
eleaseel.
 
Nucleas F'ssin
 
ito
 
H
 
Lehíah
 
A
Coge
 
haeleug.

U
 
235
 
235
 
oh!
 
Bohr
 
+ wheeles
 
236
 
92
 
920
 
Rate o deoyo hoctron
 
Nuetron
 
236
 
U
 
56
 
140
 
36
 
A
dr2
 
200 ev
 
+ Xe +2 tQ

(i) K= 1
 
caka/Accelevated
 
(ü) K >1
 
Ci)
 
Uneondrelve
 
ControlRo
 
ReacHo) usiu tR retarde
 
Sub eriteal
 
mass
 
e
tical mas

Dvevdo
 
yMedator
 
(Hs)
 
Coolant
 
Gsotert
 
(sfaos)
 
Gantrollig
 
(frisg )
 
Nuclear
 
Rends
 
shieldng
 
u35
 
feumi zala)
 
239
 
Pu
 
vet (o,o), Giraphit (r)
 
9
Co
 
B
 
a)
 
usfal to vetatded eetion
 
Cere cr csneret

Duterium T He liom s
 
2.2
 
9
 
) ,H i1 mev
 
Eb1 X2
 
Eb 2.2
mov
 
2+2
 
22 +2.2,
 
Nuclem cos]?
 
; He Ebn
 
Ebn 7 Drey
 
Eb
 
ey

lA 20I6
 
Qo25
 
An
 
g205
 
5.06 X)03T
 
BE
 
1•0037, 2 35.039, 97.90Gy
D
135.9)7o army E
 
|235-04y39
 
.mo,Xe
 
(8)5.06 XIoT
 
•.' B =
Am X 93)
 
92
 
234
 
Am 235.ou39 too07- 97.9054
–
|35.9170 -loo87-.0087)
 
|o00.2)28 umy
 
0•2128 X93)
me
 
19%11me
 
+ 2n
 
M
e
 
- 2Mn

Q.26
 
N
 
BE 316.98X 10*J
 
Mm
 
X Ng
 
235
 
X6-02XJ03
 
(mole concept)
 
|EBos 10°J
 
deutn, heluu 9
 
2o015
 
K leteiun
 
Ana-c)
 
L.0)+ ) o009

Am
 
|2.015
+ 2.015-301-l60 09
 
-ho20 -4026]
 
B.E. = Ar)X931 mev
 
2.
 
= 0•0O4 X3)
 
3.2 meV
 
x Ng
 
1000
 
2
 
N= 3OX16
 
|E 5.604 A10
 
E= 5.609 X 10X10x|-6XI0
 
E
 
.96
X 16'*T

Ond Grade 202 2
 
Q. 277
 
Ana
 
200 meV a
 
0 6.25 Xo'
 
t
 
]b6
 
Etotal
 
Reactur
 
t
 
G) 2.5X163
 
E n
*200
X
10 X
le6 )0J
 
n faaDS = n 20D
 
X1. 6 A1Gs
 
1T
 
2.5X10
 
As-c)

2nd Grade 2022
 
Ana
 
V
 
1h234
 
(B)
 
234v-yw
 
23y
 
y'= -2V
 
Th
 
6= (93u V) y x)
 
Kh 177V
 
234
 
+
 
) KTh
 
He)
 
KTh
 
T0
 
KE = E
 
-m
 
2 4
 
2E
 
2E
 
Ang C

Radio aclivity (3An)
 
thit phersmenom
 
Emitted
 
uelei emits
 
faerfeaa
,
 
Dhvend
 
those nuole
 
Baeusal (v
 
rasatlony
 
allac
 
ae callea
 
radiati).
 
Bacurn
 
radiation
 
Rodibaeity
 
Tadio qotive

Anodle
 
() o- Paticle
 
(ii) 8
 
(i)
 
Paticle
 
(Raolioactive
Ractiation)
 
Radfum
 
Epeuiment Rathoford
 
2
 
Gathode
 
8
 
He
 
29]o3]2025
 
Rastíum (f3n)

- ecay
(S)
 
N
 
"Z
z
+2
 
A = A'+y
 
A-4
 
Resultnt Nuclei
 
Y
 
z'
 
A-4
 
Z-2
 
+
 
H)
 
 
@WORLDOFWISDOMSS

A
 
Z
 
X
 
N
 
2=1l-1
 
(
a4)
 
1
 
Reautl Nuclei
 
A = A
+0
 
z=Z
 
A = A' 0
 
Y
 
XY
 
Atomíc No
 
mass no.
 
¢
 
N
 
A
 
X
 
Fe)
 
A'
=A> Mass ho. ==
Unehaed
 
Unclanged
 
unchanged

(B) B*
 
A
 
2
 
Zzl+1
 
zl=2-1
 
A'- A
 
Resutat
 
Y +
 
mass no, >
 
()
 
2-1
 
+1
 
Uneanged

) Notuhe
 
(gf)
 
Change
 
H
 
(Mass)
 
Spec
 
Reaetion
 
(sf-)
 
Panticle
 
He rueleu
 
p 5)
 
4 time oh P
 
1.4x10'ms
 
2.2 X 1
m
 
z-2
 
A-4
 
+a He
 
+1
 
B°
 
e
 
Eleotrníc
 
eq ualsto Le
 
N
 
*-,e
 
A- 3URofar
 
,e
 
A- aufA
 
0- Racliation
 
(fafao)
 
EMW)
 
Ze0
 
(3x1o s)
 
Unehanga
 
Unehagad

KE
 
( gr)
 
Jonzatin
 
(oor)
 
(fenetatton
 
- Paticle
 
mey
 
B pnticle
 
Lineas dš crete antueue
 
fažftr
 
(94teat)
 
mLOV
 
Oegect
 
paticle
 
Unletteote

Tue
 
o1)
c4/2026
 
No
 
d- Patfcle
 
Baseof emission) (tumed ttedt)(za3fa
TETR
 
N
 
t= 0
 
B- Partfcle
 
No N+N
 
N
No-N'
 
k NMeleas Force
 
(Ruthenkesd-soclhi's cauo)
 
partfele
 
on the basis
 
(aali's Ahíncple) eue Cevel
 
nueleus.

Rate radleactive decy at
 
direty
proposr
tina) to
 
aetiye
 
S
 
t0
 
Log.N=
 
t
 
atums at
 
N
 
d N
 
-AN
 
deeg mstnt
 
-Adt
 
N=-At tc
 
had nstot
 
log No
 
log
 
N
 
No
 
+leg No
 
=-At

(
 
That
 
becoes
 
culled
 
No
+
N!
 
N! No
-N
 
N No
(|-et)
 
= No- Na-dt
 
( Hatg Life
 
time at
 
haty ils
 
Lay ife.
 
N No
 
2
 
cebuih no. aotve atome
 
2
 
ntial

2
 
NOTE
 
t
 
T,ge 2
 
t3TH
 
N= Nlo
 
N=
 
t T
 
N= Ne
 
TH N
 
16
 
(N- Ne)
 
(1D0)
 
(25%)
 
( 12.5),
 
No
 
2.
 
Ne
 
2"
 
(N N
-N)
 
(6o25%)} N')5 N,
 
(502)
 
N! N
(875))
 
)6
 
(454)
 
NNo- No

That time
 
intial
 
bbeotive
 
(mean ife)
 
at t- Ta
 
N NN6
 
value &
 
ohieh
 
aetive aleme
 
alleo
 
Radlio aotve atm
 
becomeg 7
 
NI N
 
at ohich
 
N
63 Ib)
 
îts

No
 
O,87
N
 
?T n 2
 
TH
 
Ta
 
0.693
 
lcg
 
NENedt

Activity Sample
 
Rete deoay (distuderatten) f Radeiaotire
 
Sattes.
 
NOTE
 
N
 
f
 
A =
 
Mm
 
A,e-tt
 
t
 
Mm
 
NA
 
AN>A N)
 
(mote Concept)
 
m m,e

X Na
 
d O
693
 
(Rodioacttve equiltbíun)
 
aclioactve equlibiu
 
deay a membB
is equa! to rate
 
gnnaion preeeedig
 
Rate o
 
mente.

A
 
JN Constat
 
t
 
No
 
d
 
Constat
 
Const.
 
Cenat
 
(Guccesive dhtegoaton)
 
N
 
dN
 
N
 
Na
 
d,N, daNz
 
Stable
 
dN"

Caet
 
ase
 
>>> (TH)
 
d, <<< do
 
A1YTq)
 
d,N
 
S eoulas equillibiun)
 
dNA,N'-A
 
lNN (derd,)
N sds
 
Trasen
 
Cqllem

2nd grade 2018/ spc (o018
 
Q.29
 
Panallel afsttepraton
 
A
 
lh 2
 
dy
 
dz
 
en2
 
2
 
2303 T l&102
 
T: 693T

2nd Graclp 2013
 
Q.3)
 
meen
 
S3.75 %
 
G2 60
 
(Cwt Oraer)
 
TH 2.303
 
(B
 
7.
 
G.25%
 
ty N No
 
29
 
Ta ?
 
125%
 
2309 et
 
yeans
 
TH O.693 Ta

t=b
 
Jet rade
 
Qe82 Pã
 
t-t
 
An
 
A
 
No-N
 
No
 
No
 
D
 
Q022
 
faefer araj
 
|: 3
 
Raddioaetive uoleu
 
Radioactivp
 
t=
 
t
 
t=o
 
A
Hatt
 
gtslo Nucleu
 
B
,
 
t= T
 
lo3
 
odt
= |3

.83
 
Ans
 
n
tl50
 
Te
 
THlD h
 
t h TH
 
2
 
32
 
t=5 TH
 
25
 
(a)4
 
Ao
 
22

(
 
NOT E
 
1m)
 
TH loy
X
o7
 
d 0
693
 
X N
 
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@WORLDOFWISDOMSS

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proposeo
 
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thee is
 
to behaviour o objectsin
 
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in bree epace.
 
relation velateo
 
According to thie at frame france
 
o
 
rame b
 
hon
 
in free spoce.. .e.
 
velative motion

In 19I5,
 
by conaialering the
 
fielo and the
 
tshvch
 
Base o his
 
equvelance
 
Enslein epanded hia
 
hee is
 
knsu
 
a
 
principlk fs principle
 
heet qcceleratien,
 
hatue
 
he
 
ceoreing to
 
poeniüg
 
oich Brmabv
 
ehoulel be sueh tat
 
te reate ene

syo unifrm rawitaional field
 
frame efrance,
 
Gpuci al Theny Reiaiity
 
) Fire Postulate
 
accelerakl
 
fo) S1-)

A
 
Couss
 
happened
 
elatie velea
 
frane franee nvig
 
ys)
 
also
 
phyafcal
phenemenen
 
Sucond Po&tuate
 
ae
 
qual
 
atth
conéted
 
called
paiheiple of
eq uivaloue,

Z,z}
 
Velocity
 
obeeyek
 
Tus fs also Cled
 
eimultaneity
 
0,0'
 
in ree spaee
 
Thie velocity oloesn't depend n directen,
 
i conatant ter all
 
P(Xx2)
 
(Y2)
 
x,x!
 
velocóy
 
universa anetant.
 
motion
 
obseyer
 
9UANOJ (Loentz trans kermations)
 
dueny lathity
 
P (xY34)

Tranafrmation
 
X1 =
 
Vac
 
d(x-t)
 
«t-)
 
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Iranaformahin tmtan
 
accening
 
y'=Y
 
zl=2
 
S.T. R,
 
U
-,-V
 
t t

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obseved langth
 
X,
 
X, - X L
 
Lo a (2-)
 
z'/
 
Lo
 
Lo
 
Pioger Cangth
 
x

Tme Dilatin
 
To t- t
 
ti-t,
 
tdlo
 
|t,'
- V
 
X
 
ttat,

S.T. R
 
(H)
 
(i) oH1H
 
(v)
 
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Modern Physics ( आधुनिक भौतिकी ) Ncert Based Notes PDF | Irfanullah Mehar | Special Theory of Relativity | Atomic Physics | Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity | Matter Waves | Particle Physics | Hindi English Bilingual

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