MAGGIE

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Among institutions of global governance, the World Bank is one of the most visible and most frequently targeted by civil society organizations (CSOs) located in both the global North and South. The critiques vary widely. On one hand are those who see the Bank as the fount of a neoliberal globalizing agenda responsible for increasing poverty and indebtedness by promoting inequitable projects and policies. On the other hand are those who see the institution as a necessary multilateral actor in global development, but much in need of reform. The tactics of these civil society critics have also varied greatly, ranging from highly visible protests and confrontations about social and environmental impacts of Bank activities, to more collaborative efforts with management and staff in order to gain influence from the inside. What difference has this civil society activism made? More specifically, how and to what extent have civil society actors furthered the accountability of the World Bank to its constituents? The case of the World Bank is important to the central question of this volume for two main reasons: the Bank has not only been a major target of civil society activism, but it has also been comparatively responsive in developing various forms of engagement with civil society, possibly more than any other multilateral institution. We begin this paper with a brief introduction to the World Bank, followed by a set of normative arguments on the key accountability challenges facing the institution. We then provide an overview of the accountability mechanisms currently in place at four different organizational levels in the World Bank. While this approach does not enable an investigation of each mechanism in depth, it has the advantage of situating accountability efforts within a complex organizational landscape, and the roles of civil society actors within it. We then discuss, in more detail, efforts undertaken by civil society groups to increase accountability — especially in terms of the Bank’s own policies and projects. We note both the successes and failures of these reform efforts.2 Finally, we close with some reflections on the implications of our analysis for understanding the deeper structural conditions of global governance.

Accountability in Complex Organizations: World Bank Responses to Civil Society

Dr Lendy Spires

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