The document discusses different machining processes. It describes machining as a process that cuts materials into final shapes using controlled material removal. There are two main types of machining processes: conventional and non-traditional. Conventional machining uses mechanical energy and tools to shape workpieces, but has limitations when machining certain materials. Non-traditional machining uses various energies like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical to remove excess material without requiring sharp cutting tools. Some examples of non-traditional processes include abrasive jet machining, electrochemical machining, and laser beam machining.

1. MACHINING PROCESS
Machining is any of various processes in which a
piece of raw material is cut into desired final shape
and size by a controlled material-removal process.
Machining is a part of the manufacture of many
metal products, but it can also be used on materials
such as wood, plastic, ceramic and composites.
Two types of machining processes:-
1.Conventional or traditional machining process
2.Non-traditional machining process

2. CONVENTIONAL MACHINING
Conventional machining can be defined as a
process using mechanical (motion) energy.
Conventional machining usually involves changing
the shape of a work piece using an implement made
of a harder material.
Using conventional methods to machine hard
metals and alloys means increased demand of time
and energy and therefore increases in costs; in some
cases conventional machining may not be feasible.
Conventional machining also costs in terms of tool
wear and in loss of quality in the product owing to
induced residual stresses during manufacture.

3. NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING
Non-traditional manufacturing processes is defined
as a group of processes that remove excess material
by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal,
electrical or chemical energy or combinations of
these energies.
But do not use a sharp cutting tools as it needs to
be used for traditional manufacturing processes.
Non traditional machining processes, also called
advanced manufacturing processes, are employed
where traditional machining processes are not
feasible, satisfactory or economical.

4. Why Nontraditional Processes are
Important ?
Need to machine newly developed metals
and non-metals with special properties that
make them difficult or impossible to machine
by conventional methods
Need for unusual and/or complex part
geometries that cannot easily be
accomplished by conventional machining
Need to avoid surface damage that often
accompanies conventional machining

5. Classification of Nontraditional
Processes:-
1. Mechanical - erosion of work material by a
high velocity stream of abrasives or fluid (or
both) is the typical form of mechanical action
2. Electrical - electrochemical energy to remove
material (reverse of electroplating)
3. Thermal – thermal energy usually applied to
small portion of work surface, causing that
portion to be removed by fusion and/or
vaporization
4. Chemical – chemical etchants selectively
remove material from portions of work-part,
while other portions are protected by a mask

6. Non- traditional machining processes:-
1)Mechanical Processes :-
⎯ Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
⎯ Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
⎯ Water Jet Machining (WJM)
⎯ Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)
2)Electrochemical Processes:-
⎯ Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
⎯ Electro Chemical Grinding (ECG)
⎯ Electro Jet Drilling (EJD)
3)Electro-Thermal Processes:-
⎯ Electro-discharge machining (EDM)
⎯ Laser Jet Machining (LJM)
⎯ Electron Beam Machining (EBM)
4)Chemical Processes:-
⎯ Chemical Milling (CHM)
⎯ Photochemical Milling (PCM)

7. 1) Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
In Abrasive Jet Machining
(AJM), abrasive particles are
made to impinge on the work
material at a high velocity.
Almost any type of material
ranging from hard brittle
materials such as ceramics,
metals and glass to extremely
soft materials such as foam
and rubbers can be cut by
abrasive water jet cutting.
Metallic, non-metallic and
advanced composite materials
of various thicknesses can be
cut by this process.

9. Advantages:-
i. No cutter induced distortion.
ii. Low cutting forces on work-pieces.
iii. Limited tooling requirements.
iv. Little to no cutting burr.
v. No heat affected zone
vi. Eliminates thermal distortion.
vii. No slag or cutting dross.
Limitations:-
i. Cannot drill flat bottom.
ii. Cannot cut materials that degrades quickly with
moisture.
iii. High capital cost and high noise levels during
operation.
iv. The used abrasive powder can not reused.