Lesson 3 BREEDS AND BREEDING OF LARGE RUMINANTS.pptx

Lesson 3 BREEDS AND BREEDING OF LARGE RUMINANTS.pptx

• 2.
  After completing thischapter, you should be able to: Identify the different breeds of cattle and water buffaloes based on their description and characteristics. Select the appropriate cattle or buffalo according to farming objectives.
• 3.
  This chapter coversthe different breeds of cattle and water buffaloes. It discusses their physical features, characteristics, and breed description. Large ruminants include cattle (cow) and water buffaloes. Ruminants are herbivorous animals that "chew the cud" or eat regurgitated partially digested food.
• 4.
  Examples of ruminants arecows, goats, sheep, camels, llamas, and alpacas. In the Philippines, the commercial production of large ruminants is less popular than commercial swine production.
• 5.
  However, there isa big demand for beef (cow's meat) and milk in the country. Thus, the country imports most of the supply of beef and milk from New Zealand, US, and Australia, among other countries. It is also worthy to note that many countries that have a big beef and cattle industry employ a large number of Filipino workers.
• 6.
  Different types ofbusiness operations are involved in breeding and raising cattle. Some examples of cattle operations are cow and calf production, backgrounding feeder calves, and feedlot. A cow and calf producer raises a herd of cows to produce calves. A person engaged in backgrounding feeder calves obtains weaned calves and raises them until they reach 800 to 900 pounds (362.87 kilograms to 408.233 kilograms). Lastly, a feedlot operator buys weaned calves or backgrounded calves and raises them to market weight.
• 7.
  The word "cow"is the layman's term for cattle. The adult female cattle is also called a cow; its male counterpart is called a bull. Meanwhile, a heifer is called a young cow, which is less than three years old and has not yet borne a calf, a young cattle of both sexes. A calf's meat is called veal.
• 8.
  dairy farm -a farm that produces milk and may also produce milk products, such as butter and cheese
• 9.
  draft animal -a strong domesticated animal used for heavy labor, such as pulling heavy loads and plowing the farm
• 10.
  There are differentbreeds of cattle. Selecting the type of cattle that you want to raise depends on the purpose of your farm or business. It can be for the production of meat, milk, or as a draft animal. This section is divided into three parts: breeds for meat production; breeds for production of milk and dairy products; and dual purpose cattles (for milk and meat production).
• 11.
  Like swine, cattlecan be divided into two groups: maternal breeds and terminal breeds. Maternal breeds excel in milk production and mothering ability. Terminal breeds have excellent growth and meat. However, there are also several breeds considered as dual purpose breeds. These breeds have superior muscling for meat production and excellent mothering abilities.
• 12.
  A cattle farmeror entrepreneur can select the right breed of cattle for his or her business by making sure that the characteristics or traits of the cattle are in line with the type of business he or she is planning to start. For example, if an entrepreneur wants to start a dairy farm, then he or she should choose maternal breeds, which are known for their milk production ability.
• 14.
  Ongole or Nellore- This cattle is often colored white. However, its neck and hump are dark gray. The mature female ongole or nellore weighs 420 to 625 kg and the mature male weights 730 to 834 kg.
• 15.
  Santa Gertrudis -The Santa Gertrudis has a red to cherry red color. It has a loose hide and its skin folds on the sheath or navel flap and neck. In areas with warm climates, its hair is straight and short. Both the male and female Santa Gertrudis are often horned. The female Santa Gertrudis weighs 563 to 670 kg while the male weighs 750 to 1000 kg.
• 16.
   Bali orBanteng - The Bali or Banteng has a brown color; for adult males, the brown color changes to black when they become adults. This breed is known for its neat, compact, and deep body, and well- developed forequarters. It also has a medium-sized horn, which is slightly backward and curved up. The female Bali has a small udder with no distinct dewlap. The mature Bali or Banteng weighs 350 to 375 kg and the female Bali averages 210 kg.
• 17.
   Brahman -The Brahman is known for its high tolerance to heat and strong resistance to insects and diseases. The color of the Brahman varies: from gray to white, black with occasional spots, brown, to red. The Brahman has a long face, drooping ears, prominent hump over its shoulders, and loose skin under its throat. The mature female Brahman weighs 454 to 635 kg while the mature male weighs 726 to 998 kg.
• 18.
  Holstein Friesian -The Holstein Friesian is the largest dairy breed of cattle. The mature female Holstein Friesian weighs 568 kg and its average production of milk is 22 kg per day. The mature male weighs 818 kg. The Holstein Friesian is docile, quiet, and ruggedly built; the female ones have large udders. This breed has a skin color combination of black and white, which could vary from spotted white to all black.
• 19.
  Brown Swiss -The Brown Swiss, quiet, docile, and rugged in nature, is a good producer of milk. Its average milk production is 17 kg per day. The mature female Brown Swiss weighs 591 kg and the mature male weighs 909 kg.
• 20.
   Philippine NativeCattle - The Philippine Native Cattle has four varieties: Batanes Black, Batangas Cattle, Ilocos Cattle, and Iloilo Cattle. This breed is commonly used for draught work and beef and milk production. Mature native cows weigh appproximately 300 kg while mature bulls weigh approximately 400 kg. Often, the female native cattle is humpless while the male has a low hump. The color of this breed varies from grey to brown to fawn, sometimes with white spots.
• 21.
  Sahiwal - TheSahiwal has a reddish brown color. This breed has a heavily symmetrical body, followed by a short and lean neck and a large and heavy dewlap. The female Sahiwal weighs approximately 370 kg and can have an average milk production of 8 kg per day. The mature male Sahiwal weighs approximately 540 kg.
• 22.
  Tharparkar - The Tharparkarcan either have a white or gray color, accompanied by a light gray color along its backbone. The marure female Tharparkar can weigh 385 kg and produce an average 6 kg of milk daily. The mature male can weight 540 kg.
• 23.
  Red Sindhi -The Red Sindhi has a red or dark- red color. The mature female Red Sindhi can weigh 310 kg and produce an average of 6 kg of milk daily. The mature male can weigh 415 kg.
• 24.
  There are twotypes of cattle. The Bos taurus, the common domestic cattle of European origin, is domesticated mainly to produce large quantities of milk, but it can also provide meat, leather, and other products, and be used as a draft animal. The Bos indicus or zebu cattle is domesticated to produce beef.
• 25.
  Bos taurus Bosindicus
• 26.
   Water buffaloesare mostly found in Asian countries and other countries, such as Australia, Egypt, Italy, and Turkey. Aside from plowing the farm and transporting agricultural products, water buffaloes are also excellent sources of meat, milk, and leather. In Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines, water buffaloes are the chief draft animal for farm cultivation because these animals are very suitable for paddy culture and they are able to consume coarse fodder and roughage that other livestock could not eat. On the one hand, when water buffaloes reach maturity, they are often used as draft animals for five to six years; when they are already too old, they are slaughtered and sold for their meat. On the other hand, water buffaloes are also used in producing milk and other dairy products.
• 27.
  Water buffaloes havetwo types: river water buffaloes and swamp water buffaloes. The swamp buffalo is used for farm work, such as the Philippine carabao. Farm work does not only include plowing of the fields but also hauling and transporting of any farm produce. The river buffalo is used for milk production, such as the Murrah buffalo of India. A crossbreed of the carabao and Murrah is called locally as "mestizo," which produces more milk than the Murrah and has the working ability of the carabao.
• 29.
  fodder - food givento buffaloes, cows, and other farm animals
• 30.
  The prefix "cara"was introduced by the late Dr. Valente Villegas to denote the sex, class, and meat of carabao, and was approved for adoption by the Philippine Society of Animal Science.
• 31.
   Carabao -The Philippine carabao is wide, low, and heavily built, making it an excellent draught or draft animal. The carabao is slate gray and light gray in color. The average weight of a mature male carabao is approximately 500 kg. The mature female carabao weighs approximately 425 kg and can produce 1.45 kg to .64 kg of milk daily. A carabao's milk has high fat content, making it more palatable than a cow's milk.
• 32.
  Thai Buffalo -This buffalo, which originated in Thailand, is strong, broad bodied, and has prominent muscles in the neck chest and back. It is black in color and has large strong horns. The average weight of a male Thai buffalo is 540 kg. The female Thai buffalo can weigh 400 kg and produce an average 0.8 to 1 kg of milk daily.
• 33.
   Murrah -This buffalo, which originated in India, is jet black with white markings in the tail. It has a soft and fine skin texture while its horns are curved tightly and spirally. The Murrah has a massive and stocky built. It has a light neck and head, short limbs, brood hips, and drooping quarter. The male Murrah has an average weight of 625 kg. The female Murrah has an average weight of 525 kg and can produce 5 kg to 7 kg of milk daily, The udder and tears (long, black, and stout) of the female Murrah are well developed
• 34.
   Surti -The Surti, which also originated in India, has a brown or black color. It's skin is black or reddish, while its hair is gray to rusty brown. The Surti M bull's front is more developed and its hind portion is narrow. The mature male Surti has an average weight of 499 kg. The mature female Surti weighs an average of 408 kg and can produce 5 kg to 6 kg of milk daily.
• 35.
   Pandharpuri -This breed originated from Maharashtra, India. The Pandharpuri varies in body color: from light black to deep black. It has a long narrow face with prominent straight nasal bone. As a medium-sized animal, it has a narrow frontal bone and long compact body. It has very long horns that extend beyond the shoulder blades. It has an average body weight of 450 to 470 kg. The female Pandharpuri is known for its excellent reproductive ability. It can produce a calf every 12 months, and yield 6 to 7 liters of milk daily under average farm management conditions and hot and dry climate. However, it can produce 15 liters of milk daily under good farm management.
• 36.
  The mature femalecarabao is called a caracow; carabull, a male mature carabao; caraheifer, a young female carabao under two years of age and has not yet given birth; caracalf, a young carabao of both sexes. A carabao's meat is called carabeef.
• 37.
  This lesson discusseshow to select breeder stocks based on the animal’s physical appearance and breeding abilities. In putting up a good farm, you have to choose a suitable location of the farm, provide houses for the animals, create an excellent forage garden, hire industrious caretakers, and choose the best animals as your stocks. Only animals of good quality should be kept in the farm, whether you are engaged in production or breeding. Only good quality stocks could produce excellent meat and milk as well as excellent offsprings.
• 38.
  Nowadays, the presenceof different diseases infecting animals contributes to low farm performance. Many farms end up using various supplements and medications to combat such diseases; thus, costing them a lot. Instead of using expensive treatments or medications, you can choose animals which are naturally resistant to certain diseases; animals with strong immune systems; animals without physical abnormalities. You can achieve all these things by properly selecting your stocks. The proper selection of your animal stocks leads to good farm production and high profit.
• 39.
  pedigree - arecord of the ancestry of an animal, especially when its ancestry is impressive or good
• 40.
  Cows are mostproductive from four to eight years of age.
• 41.
  Selection of stocksbased from physical appearance or quality is done by closely observing the physical characteristics of the animal. Here are the things that you should consider in selecting animals based on their physical qualities.
• 43.
  According to theBureau of Agricultural Research (BAR), a cow "should have a mild maternal face with bright and alert eyes, good disposition, and quiet temperament." The coat of the animal should be free from mange and external parasites. The cow's udder should have a good size and shape, "which is well carried forward and up behind. The udder is also soft, flexible, and spongy to touch" (bar.gov.ph). This characteristic of the udder, BAR states, makes the cow secrete more milk compared to a flesh-like and hard udder. The cow should also have wide hind quarters and prominent and well-developed vulva.
• 44.
  Puberty in cowvaries depending on the breed of the animal and level of nutrition, among other factors. There are breeds of cows that, if given a high plane of nutrition, start to breed at two years of age. Generally, however, cows start to calve at three years of age and remain productive for 13 years.
• 45.
  Consider the pedigreeof the animal because the best animals often come from excellent parents. Heifers from herds that regularly produce outstanding calves are the best choice for foundation stock.
• 46.
  An ideal cowshould have a rectangular frame. A cow should have a medium width between the thurls and pins in order to have the needed frame "on which to hang the profitable beef," according to BAR. The cow's rump should also be long and smooth. The cow should weigh an average of 408 kg and produce 5 kg to 6 kg of milk daily.
• 48.
  Select bulls withgood barrel or middle. A good middle or barrel indicates a well-developed digestive system and healthy vital organs such as the beart and lungs. Bulls with a good physical constitution exhibit the following qualities: broad muzzle, full heart girth, muscular cheeks, large nostrils and jaw, full loin, and well- rounded thighs. Bulls should also be muscular and have strong legs so they can carry their own weight, easily mate with cows that are in heat, and look for food. Well-built legs also ensure that bulls successfully mate with cows.
• 49.
  Bulls should havewell-developed sex organs, indicating virility. Thus, bulls should have fully descended testicles, deep wide chest, and broad head.
• 50.
  Bulls can beused for breeding when they reach 18 months of age or when they weigh 250 to 280 kg.
• 52.
  A two-year oldsteer or older is more advantageous to use as a because they become fat easily over a short period of time, than a calf o fartener yearling.
• 53.
  According to theBAR, "an active yet mild, quiet, and easily-handled usually grows fast and fartens easily." Avoid selecting cattle with a nervous, and erratic behavior because they "waste too much energy when they panic at the slightest provocation," BAR states. steer restless.
• 54.
  Animals with ahealthy constitution and vigor should have the following characteristics: strong appetite; large feeding capacity; wide, deep, and full chest; well- sprung ribs, and large heart girth.
• 55.
  Young bulls gainweight faster than steers while requiring 22% less feed to produce a kilogram of weight. Bulls also produce leaner carcass which is nearly the same as that of steers. Steers gain approximately 10% more weight while requiring only 10% to 15% less feed than heifers.
• 56.
  Select healthy animalswith the following characteristics: active, have bright eyes, moist muzzle, and soft and smooth hair coat. Do not select animals with physical defects.
• 57.
  Large ruminants includecattle and water buffaloes. Ruminants are herbivorous animals that "chew the cud" or eat regurgitated partially digested food. Selecting the type of cattle that you want to raise depends on the purpose of your farmor business. Examples of cattle for meat production are Ongole or Nellore, Santa Gertrudis, and Bali or Banteng. Examples of cattle for milk or dairy production are Brahman, Holstein Friesian, and Brown Swiss: Examples of dual purpose cattle are the Phillipine Native Cattle, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, and Red Sindhi.
• 58.
  Aside from beingused for plowing the farm and transporting agricultural products, water buffaloes are also excellent sources of meat, milk, and leather. In Southeast Asian countries like the Philippines, water buffaloes are the chief draft animal for farm cultivation Water buffaloes have two types: river water buffaloes and swamp water buffaloes. The swamp buffalo is used for farm work, such as the Philippine carabao. The river buffalo is used for milk production, such as the Murrah buffalo of India.
• 59.
  Examples of swamptype buffaloes are the Philippine carabao and Thail buffalo. Examples of river type buffaloes are Murrah and Surti. Selection of stocks based from physical appearance or quality is done by closely observing the physical characteristics of the animal. In selecting cows and heifers for breeding, consider the following factors: milking ability and femininity age breeding ability and ancestry types and conformation
• 60.
  In selecting bulls,consider the following factors: physical appearance sex character age
• 61.
  In selecting fatteners,consider the following factors: age disposition constitution and vigor carcass health