The document provides an overview of concurrent and distributed programming using sockets, detailing client-server applications and how communication is established through TCP. It explains the implementation of a simple echo client-server program in Java, covering socket creation, data transmission, and protocol management. Lastly, it discusses how servers listen for client connections and the significance of custom protocols in socket communication.

1. SOCKETS
PROGRAMMAZIONE CONCORRENTE E DISTR.
Università degli Studi di Padova
Dipartimento di Matematica
Corso di Laurea in Informatica, A.A. 2015 – 2016
rcardin@math.unipd.it

2. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
SUMMARY
 Introduction
 Sockets
 Client program
 Server program
 Protocol
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3. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
INTRODUCTION
 Client-server applications
 The server provides some service
 The client uses the server provided by the server
 The communication must be reliable
 TCP provides a reliable, point-to-point
communication chanel over the Internet
 Each program binds a socket to its end of connection
 The communication is realized reading and writing
from and to the socket bound to the connection
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4. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
INTRODUCTION
 A server runs on a specific host and has a socket
bound to a specific port
 The server waits, listening to the socket
 The client knows the hostname and port
number on which the server is listening
 Tries to randezvous with the server and binds a local
port number to use during connection
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5. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
INTRODUCTION
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6. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
SOCKETS
 An endpoint is a combination of an IP address and a
port number
 Every TCP connection is uniquely identified by its two
endpoints
 The class java.net.Socket implements the client
side of a two-way connection
 Sits on top of a platform-dependent implementation
 The class java.net.ServerSocket implements the
server side, that listen for connections to clients
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A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between
two programs running on the network. A socket is bound to a port
number so that the TCP layer can identify the application that data is
destined to be sent to.

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EXAMPLE: ECHO PROGRAM
 Let’s implement an example program
 The EchoClient writes to and reads from the socket
 Open a socket.
 Open an input stream and output stream to the socket.
 Read from and write to the stream according to the server's
protocol.
 Close the streams.
 Close the socket.
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The example program implements a client, EchoClient, that
connects to an echo server. The echo server receives data from its
client and echoes it back. The example EchoServer implements an
echo server. (Alternatively, the client can connect to any host that
supports the Echo Protocol.)

8. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
CLIENT PROGRAM
 First of all, let’s open the socket
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// The client has the hostname and port of the server as inputs
String hostName = args[0];
int portNumber = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
try (
// Open a socket connection to a host and a port number
Socket echoSocket = new Socket(hostName, portNumber);
// Build structures that write to the socket
PrintWriter out =
new PrintWriter(echoSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
// Build structures that read from the socket
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(echoSocket.getInputStream()));
// Read user input from console
BufferedReader stdIn =
new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in))
)

9. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
CLIENT PROGRAM
 The java.net.Socket class implements a
client socket
 A socket is binded to an hostname and a port during
building process
 Sockets implements AutoCloseable
 For reading from and writing to a socket we need
input and output streams
 The try-with-resources statement closes the streams and the
socket in the right order
 The server socket must be ready to accept incoming
connection
 Otherwise, the client socket will thrown an exception
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10. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
CLIENT PROGRAM
 The protocol have to be implemented manually
 How the socket information are interpreted is
dependent from which stream is used to read from it
 A Ctrl+C is interpreted as an end-of-input
 The communication protocol is totally custom
 For example, talking to an HTTP server will be more
complicated
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String userInput;
// Reading user input until Ctrl+C is read
while ((userInput = stdIn.readLine()) != null) {
// Writing information to socket
out.println(userInput);
// Reading information to socket
System.out.println("echo: " + in.readLine());
}

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CLIENT PROGRAM
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12. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
SERVER PROGRAM
 To the other end of endpoint a server is listening
to some incoming messages
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// The port number on which the server will listening
int portNumber = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
try (
// A ServerSocket waits a client’s message on a specific port
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(portNumber);
// Once a message has arrived, a socket is created to manage
// the connection with the client
Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
// Structure to write to the socket
PrintWriter out =
new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
// Structure to read from the socket
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
)

13. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
SERVER PROGRAM
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14. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
SERVER PROGRAM
 Using java.net.ServerSocket a server can
accept a connection from a client
 The accept method waits until a client request a
connection to the host and port of the server
 A Socket is created on the same port, to managed the
connection with the new client
 It is possible to have a «multiple client» server
 For each new connection, create a dedicated Thread
 The communication is manage using streams
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while (true) {
// accept a connection
// create a thread to deal with the client
}

15. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
SERVER PROGRAM
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16. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
PROTOCOL
 Who speaks first?
 The problem with socket communication is that it is a
low level type of communication
 The protocol is custom for each type of
implementation
 Usually a dedicated class is used to implement the
protocol
 Given a received message, it returns the next action to do
 Server port is part of the protocol
 The server MUST be already listening for incoming
connection when clients try to communicate with it
 Only the accept method of ServerSocket is blocking
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17. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
EXAMPLES
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https://github.com/rcardin/pcd-snippets

18. Programmazione concorrente e distribuita
REFERENCES
 Lesson: All About Socket
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/networking/sockets/
 Echo Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc862
 Does the port change when a TCP connection is accepted by a
server? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2997754/does-the-
port-change-when-a-tcp-connection-is-accepted-by-a-server
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