Poster prepared by ABCD Muchangos, K Makita, D Grace, H Matusse and CME McCrindle for the 13th conference of the International Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 20-24 August 2012.
This document summarizes a risk assessment study of the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, India. It identifies two main pork production chains - a rural village chain and a town chain where pigs are imported. Various tools were used to assess risks, including checklists, questionnaires, and diagnostic tests of farm animals and meat samples. Key findings included the identification of pathogens like Brucella suis and Cysticercus in imported slaughter pigs. Bacterial contamination of meat was higher in town markets than villages. Consumers reported high pork consumption and gastrointestinal illness. The study concludes there are risks to human and animal health from current pork production and marketing practices in Nagaland, and identifies a need for risk communication and management strategies.
Veterinary public health research in Southeast Asia: lessons for managing he...ILRI
Presented by Fred Unger at the Managing Risks in Emerging Pork Markets: An International South – South Symposium, held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 23-25 April 2012.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and its recent advancementaDr.Ramkumar Rupner
This document discusses rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens and recent advancements. It covers conventional culture-based methods that can take 3-7 days for detection. Newer rapid methods like immunological assays (ELISA, lateral flow), nucleic acid-based methods (PCR, LAMP, microarrays), and biosensors have been developed that can detect pathogens in under 24 hours. These rapid methods enable timely prevention of foodborne outbreaks. Recent developments include automated systems that can simultaneously analyze multiple pathogen panels in under a day. Overall, rapid detection methods allow for faster identification of pathogens in foods compared to conventional techniques.
Synergy Between Aedes Aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor and bti by D...entogenex
The document discusses the synergistic effects between Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) toxins. TMOF and genes encoding Bti toxins were cloned and expressed individually and jointly in Pichia pastoris yeast cells. Larval bioassays found that P. pastoris cells expressing both TMOF and Bti toxins caused higher mortality in Aedes aegypti larvae than cells expressing either component alone. This demonstrates the synergistic potential of combining TMOF and Bti toxins as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a risk assessment study of the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, India. It identifies two main pork production chains - a rural village chain and a town chain where pigs are imported. Various tools were used to assess risks, including checklists, questionnaires, and diagnostic tests of farm animals and meat samples. Key findings included the identification of pathogens like Brucella suis and Cysticercus in imported slaughter pigs. Bacterial contamination of meat was higher in town markets than villages. Consumers reported high pork consumption and gastrointestinal illness. The study concludes there are risks to human and animal health from current pork production and marketing practices in Nagaland, and identifies a need for risk communication and management strategies.
Veterinary public health research in Southeast Asia: lessons for managing he...ILRI
Presented by Fred Unger at the Managing Risks in Emerging Pork Markets: An International South – South Symposium, held in Hanoi, Vietnam, 23-25 April 2012.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and its recent advancementaDr.Ramkumar Rupner
This document discusses rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens and recent advancements. It covers conventional culture-based methods that can take 3-7 days for detection. Newer rapid methods like immunological assays (ELISA, lateral flow), nucleic acid-based methods (PCR, LAMP, microarrays), and biosensors have been developed that can detect pathogens in under 24 hours. These rapid methods enable timely prevention of foodborne outbreaks. Recent developments include automated systems that can simultaneously analyze multiple pathogen panels in under a day. Overall, rapid detection methods allow for faster identification of pathogens in foods compared to conventional techniques.
Synergy Between Aedes Aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor and bti by D...entogenex
The document discusses the synergistic effects between Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) toxins. TMOF and genes encoding Bti toxins were cloned and expressed individually and jointly in Pichia pastoris yeast cells. Larval bioassays found that P. pastoris cells expressing both TMOF and Bti toxins caused higher mortality in Aedes aegypti larvae than cells expressing either component alone. This demonstrates the synergistic potential of combining TMOF and Bti toxins as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses algae and angiosperms. It covers:
- The importance of algae as a carbon sink, indicator species, for fertilizer production, food production, as a nursery habitat, and for coastal defence.
- The key characteristics and types of algae, including their phyla (green, brown, red algae), structures, pigments, and some examples of each type.
- The key features of angiosperms that allow them to survive in marine environments, such as being salt tolerant and able to absorb oxygen from water. It also covers the habitats where marine angiosperms can be found, such as eelgrass beds.
This document provides an overview of the poultry industry in Pakistan, including its history, trends, and current state. It discusses how the industry has grown from small backyard operations in the 1960s to a large commercial industry today. Key points include: the poultry industry contributes significantly to Pakistan's agriculture and livestock sectors; production of eggs, broilers, and layers has increased dramatically since the 1970s; and a new trend is the use of "controlled sheds" for broiler production, which provide automated control of environmental conditions. The location analysis section describes how broilers are typically marketed through middlemen and wholesalers to urban retail shops and processed meat markets.
The document discusses the process of poultry processing from slaughtering to packaging. It begins by defining key terms like abattoir and carcass. It then describes the traditional and modern methods of slaughtering including steps like stunning, sticking, bleeding, scalding, picking and evisceration. After slaughtering, the processing steps discussed are chilling, grading, packaging and storage. The document also provides information on poultry meat properties, grading systems and popular chicken products. It concludes by noting that while India has a large poultry market, modern slaughter techniques have yet to be widely adopted.
1) Poultry refers to domesticated birds raised for their meat and eggs, including chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys.
2) The document outlines the entire process of poultry production from breeding and slaughter to evisceration, packaging, and various cooking methods.
3) Key points covered include the nutritional benefits of poultry compared to red meat as well as common poultry diseases like avian influenza, salmonella, and staphylococcus.
The document discusses value addition and processing of poultry products in India. It notes that the poultry sector has transformed from backyard activity to large commercial operations. It describes various value added egg and meat products that have been developed like pickled eggs, salted chicken eggs, egg rolls, etc. It also discusses key trends in the poultry market like convenience products and new packaging innovations. Finally, it outlines potential for traditional meat products in India due to availability of meats, demand for variety/convenience, and opportunities for value addition.
Poultry includes domesticated birds raised for meat like chicken, turkey, ducks, and more. It is generally inexpensive and versatile to cook using many methods. Poultry meat is classified by kind, class, style, and refrigeration state. The breast and wings are lighter in color than thighs and legs due to higher protein concentration. Poultry is similar to red meats with dark meat having more fat and connective tissue than white meat. Common market forms include live, whole, dressed, drawn, and ready-to-cook poultry as well as poultry parts. Chicken is further classified by class including broiler, roaster, capon, hen/stewing based on age,
The document discusses chickens and their properties. It covers chicken taxonomy, different types of chickens and their characteristics. It also references several papers on chickens and their behaviors.
Risk assessment in the pork meat chain in 2 districts of Vietnam. A Residency...ILRI
This pilot study evaluates risks of pork meat to consumers in the Ha Noi region of Vietnam. Diagnostic testing found substantial levels of bacterial contamination, parasites, and antibiotic residues in pork meat and feces samples. Contamination levels were highest at slaughterhouses where hygienic practices were poor. While supermarkets had more contaminated meat than rural markets, consumers' food handling practices reduced risks. High contamination occurred along the supply chain due to lack of refrigeration. However, reported gastrointestinal illness in consumers was not correlated with pork consumption, possibly due to safe food handling. Further research is needed to understand and control risks in Vietnam's transforming pork supply chains.
IRJET- Molecular Diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in Diarrhoeic PoultryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the molecular diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in diarrheic poultry. Samples were collected from poultry and tested using conventional culture methods and PCR to detect Campylobacter species. By culture, 11 of 60 samples were positive for Campylobacter, while PCR detected Campylobacter in 15 samples, showing it to be a more sensitive detection method. The document reviews previous literature on Campylobacter prevalence in poultry and techniques for isolating and identifying the bacteria, including selective media compositions and incubation conditions.
Assessing highlander zoonoses risk associated with livestock productionILRI
Presented by Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Manoj Potapohn, Karin Hamilton, Jennifer Steele and Veerasak Punyapornwithaya at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Risk of exposure to Campylobacter through consumption of ready-to-eat roast b...ILRI
Poster prepared by E. Mahundi, K. Makita, H. Toyomaki, D. Grace and L.R. Kurwijila at the 13th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 20-24 August 2012.
This document discusses mass producing the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its bacterial symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens for use as a biopesticide. The nematodes are grown on solid agar media which is optimized to support their life cycle. Nematodes are inoculated onto the media along with P. luminescens and harvest after 7 days at the peak of the nematode life cycle. Upscaling the surface area of the solid media allows for higher nematode yields. The process aims to improve production methods to make entomopathogenic nematodes a more viable biocontrol agent.
Poster by A. Fahrion, K. Richa, L. Jamir, S. Begum, V. Rutsa, S. Ao, V. Padmakumar, and D. Grace for the Annual Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Nantes, France, 24-26 March 2010.
Abstract: A risk assessment study in the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, North-East India, is presented.
The approach implies: a) Pathological hazards in different chains and conditions of pork meat marketing in a selected district;
b) Practices and risk awareness of the actors of these chains
Risk assessment in the pork meat chain in Nagaland, IndiaILRI
This document summarizes a risk assessment study of the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, India. It identifies two main pork production chains - a rural village chain and a town chain where pigs are imported. Various tools were used to assess risks, including checklists, questionnaires, and diagnostic tests of farm animals and meat samples. Key findings included the identification of pathogens like Brucella suis and Cysticercus in imported slaughter pigs. Bacterial contamination of meat was higher in town markets than villages. Consumers reported high pork consumption and gastrointestinal illness. The study concludes there are risks to human and animal health from pork production and marketing in Nagaland, and identifies a need for risk communication and management strategies to promote animal health
Poster by A. Fahrion, K. Richa, L. Jamir, S. Begum, V. Rutsa, S. Ao, V. Padmakumar, and D. Grace for the Annual Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Nantes, France, 24-26 March 2010.
Abstract: A risk assessment study in the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, North-East India, is presented.
The approach implies: a) Pathological hazards in different chains and conditions of pork meat marketing in a selected district;
b) Practices and risk awareness of the actors of these chains
Genetic engineering in baculovirus, entomopathogenic fungi and bacteriaSuman Sanjta
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques that have been used to improve insect pathogens for pest control. It focuses on three types of pathogens: baculoviruses, bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis, and entomopathogenic fungi. For baculoviruses, genes have been deleted or inserted to increase the speed of kill of infected insects. For bacteria and fungi, genes have been added to increase toxin production, broaden insect host range, or improve environmental persistence. A variety of toxin genes from other organisms have been successfully introduced into these pathogens to enhance their insecticidal activity against important pest insects.
This document provides information about blacklight lamps manufactured by Havells. It discusses how blacklight lamps attract insects using UV-A radiation and their applications in insect trapping and other industries like nail curing. The document describes Havells' standard BL350 blacklight lamp range and its newer BL368 range, which has a narrower spectral peak at 368nm, concentrates energy better, and maintains higher output over time. Technical specifications are provided for various linear, circline, and compact blacklight lamp models.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton plant that produces an insecticide to combat pests like bollworms. It contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to the larvae of moths and butterflies but harmless to other organisms. The Bt protein is activated in the alkaline environment of the insect's gut and makes holes in the lining, killing the insect. Bt cotton provides benefits like increased yields, reduced insecticide use, and lower costs, but also has disadvantages like higher seed prices and concerns about its effects on human and environmental health. India was an early adopter of Bt cotton in 2002.
Analysis of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal parasites of chickens in moder...Innspub Net
A study was carried out in the commune of Korhogo to assess gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites in modern poultry farms. To achieve this, 214 droppings samples, including 129 broilers and 85 laying hens from 40 broiler farms and 12 laying chicken farms were collected and analyzed using the flotation method. The results highlighted two (2) species of mallophagous lice namely Menopon gallinae (50%) and Menacanthus stramineus (33%) and a species of bug namely Cimex lectularius (17%) for ectoparasites. As for the gastro-parasites, two (2) species and four (4) genera namely Trichostrongylus tenuis (17%), Syngamus trachea (19%); Heterakis sp (10%), Ascaridia sp (17%), Raillietina sp (8%) and Eimeria sp (29%) have been identified. Coccidiosis (Eimeria) was the most important pathology in broiler farms with 67% and less important in laying hens (33%). Helminth eggs have been observed more in laying hens. Ultimately laying hens are more infested than broilers.
The document discusses the history and development of insect biotechnology. Some key points:
- Insect biotechnology was first introduced in Europe in 2002 under Professor Pennacchio in Italy.
- It involves using whole insects, their organs/cells/molecules, or symbiotic microbes in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
- The term "yellow biotechnology" was coined due to the yellow color of insect hemolymph, which has delivered chemicals, proteins, and microbes for various applications.
- Guide on insect biotechnology was published in 2007. Insect biotechnology can be used in fields like medicine, agriculture, and industry.
The document discusses antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues found in chicken meat and eggs sold in Kenya. Some key points:
- 87.5% of meat and 100% of egg samples showed presence of antibiotic residues when tested against various bacteria.
- Bacterial counts were higher in meat samples from Kiwanja market compared to Kenyatta University, with mean counts of 190.25 x 102 CFU and 104.96 x 102 CFU respectively.
- Isolated bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella from samples showed resistance to certain commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin and intermediate resistance to others.
- The study reveals the presence of antibiotic residues and resistant bacteria in chicken products in
This document discusses algae and angiosperms. It covers:
- The importance of algae as a carbon sink, indicator species, for fertilizer production, food production, as a nursery habitat, and for coastal defence.
- The key characteristics and types of algae, including their phyla (green, brown, red algae), structures, pigments, and some examples of each type.
- The key features of angiosperms that allow them to survive in marine environments, such as being salt tolerant and able to absorb oxygen from water. It also covers the habitats where marine angiosperms can be found, such as eelgrass beds.
This document provides an overview of the poultry industry in Pakistan, including its history, trends, and current state. It discusses how the industry has grown from small backyard operations in the 1960s to a large commercial industry today. Key points include: the poultry industry contributes significantly to Pakistan's agriculture and livestock sectors; production of eggs, broilers, and layers has increased dramatically since the 1970s; and a new trend is the use of "controlled sheds" for broiler production, which provide automated control of environmental conditions. The location analysis section describes how broilers are typically marketed through middlemen and wholesalers to urban retail shops and processed meat markets.
The document discusses the process of poultry processing from slaughtering to packaging. It begins by defining key terms like abattoir and carcass. It then describes the traditional and modern methods of slaughtering including steps like stunning, sticking, bleeding, scalding, picking and evisceration. After slaughtering, the processing steps discussed are chilling, grading, packaging and storage. The document also provides information on poultry meat properties, grading systems and popular chicken products. It concludes by noting that while India has a large poultry market, modern slaughter techniques have yet to be widely adopted.
1) Poultry refers to domesticated birds raised for their meat and eggs, including chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys.
2) The document outlines the entire process of poultry production from breeding and slaughter to evisceration, packaging, and various cooking methods.
3) Key points covered include the nutritional benefits of poultry compared to red meat as well as common poultry diseases like avian influenza, salmonella, and staphylococcus.
The document discusses value addition and processing of poultry products in India. It notes that the poultry sector has transformed from backyard activity to large commercial operations. It describes various value added egg and meat products that have been developed like pickled eggs, salted chicken eggs, egg rolls, etc. It also discusses key trends in the poultry market like convenience products and new packaging innovations. Finally, it outlines potential for traditional meat products in India due to availability of meats, demand for variety/convenience, and opportunities for value addition.
Poultry includes domesticated birds raised for meat like chicken, turkey, ducks, and more. It is generally inexpensive and versatile to cook using many methods. Poultry meat is classified by kind, class, style, and refrigeration state. The breast and wings are lighter in color than thighs and legs due to higher protein concentration. Poultry is similar to red meats with dark meat having more fat and connective tissue than white meat. Common market forms include live, whole, dressed, drawn, and ready-to-cook poultry as well as poultry parts. Chicken is further classified by class including broiler, roaster, capon, hen/stewing based on age,
The document discusses chickens and their properties. It covers chicken taxonomy, different types of chickens and their characteristics. It also references several papers on chickens and their behaviors.
Risk assessment in the pork meat chain in 2 districts of Vietnam. A Residency...ILRI
This pilot study evaluates risks of pork meat to consumers in the Ha Noi region of Vietnam. Diagnostic testing found substantial levels of bacterial contamination, parasites, and antibiotic residues in pork meat and feces samples. Contamination levels were highest at slaughterhouses where hygienic practices were poor. While supermarkets had more contaminated meat than rural markets, consumers' food handling practices reduced risks. High contamination occurred along the supply chain due to lack of refrigeration. However, reported gastrointestinal illness in consumers was not correlated with pork consumption, possibly due to safe food handling. Further research is needed to understand and control risks in Vietnam's transforming pork supply chains.
IRJET- Molecular Diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in Diarrhoeic PoultryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the molecular diagnosis of Campylobacteriosis in diarrheic poultry. Samples were collected from poultry and tested using conventional culture methods and PCR to detect Campylobacter species. By culture, 11 of 60 samples were positive for Campylobacter, while PCR detected Campylobacter in 15 samples, showing it to be a more sensitive detection method. The document reviews previous literature on Campylobacter prevalence in poultry and techniques for isolating and identifying the bacteria, including selective media compositions and incubation conditions.
Assessing highlander zoonoses risk associated with livestock productionILRI
Presented by Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Manoj Potapohn, Karin Hamilton, Jennifer Steele and Veerasak Punyapornwithaya at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Risk of exposure to Campylobacter through consumption of ready-to-eat roast b...ILRI
Poster prepared by E. Mahundi, K. Makita, H. Toyomaki, D. Grace and L.R. Kurwijila at the 13th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 20-24 August 2012.
This document discusses mass producing the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its bacterial symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens for use as a biopesticide. The nematodes are grown on solid agar media which is optimized to support their life cycle. Nematodes are inoculated onto the media along with P. luminescens and harvest after 7 days at the peak of the nematode life cycle. Upscaling the surface area of the solid media allows for higher nematode yields. The process aims to improve production methods to make entomopathogenic nematodes a more viable biocontrol agent.
Poster by A. Fahrion, K. Richa, L. Jamir, S. Begum, V. Rutsa, S. Ao, V. Padmakumar, and D. Grace for the Annual Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Nantes, France, 24-26 March 2010.
Abstract: A risk assessment study in the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, North-East India, is presented.
The approach implies: a) Pathological hazards in different chains and conditions of pork meat marketing in a selected district;
b) Practices and risk awareness of the actors of these chains
Risk assessment in the pork meat chain in Nagaland, IndiaILRI
This document summarizes a risk assessment study of the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, India. It identifies two main pork production chains - a rural village chain and a town chain where pigs are imported. Various tools were used to assess risks, including checklists, questionnaires, and diagnostic tests of farm animals and meat samples. Key findings included the identification of pathogens like Brucella suis and Cysticercus in imported slaughter pigs. Bacterial contamination of meat was higher in town markets than villages. Consumers reported high pork consumption and gastrointestinal illness. The study concludes there are risks to human and animal health from pork production and marketing in Nagaland, and identifies a need for risk communication and management strategies to promote animal health
Poster by A. Fahrion, K. Richa, L. Jamir, S. Begum, V. Rutsa, S. Ao, V. Padmakumar, and D. Grace for the Annual Meeting of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Nantes, France, 24-26 March 2010.
Abstract: A risk assessment study in the pork meat value chain in Nagaland, North-East India, is presented.
The approach implies: a) Pathological hazards in different chains and conditions of pork meat marketing in a selected district;
b) Practices and risk awareness of the actors of these chains
Genetic engineering in baculovirus, entomopathogenic fungi and bacteriaSuman Sanjta
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques that have been used to improve insect pathogens for pest control. It focuses on three types of pathogens: baculoviruses, bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis, and entomopathogenic fungi. For baculoviruses, genes have been deleted or inserted to increase the speed of kill of infected insects. For bacteria and fungi, genes have been added to increase toxin production, broaden insect host range, or improve environmental persistence. A variety of toxin genes from other organisms have been successfully introduced into these pathogens to enhance their insecticidal activity against important pest insects.
This document provides information about blacklight lamps manufactured by Havells. It discusses how blacklight lamps attract insects using UV-A radiation and their applications in insect trapping and other industries like nail curing. The document describes Havells' standard BL350 blacklight lamp range and its newer BL368 range, which has a narrower spectral peak at 368nm, concentrates energy better, and maintains higher output over time. Technical specifications are provided for various linear, circline, and compact blacklight lamp models.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton plant that produces an insecticide to combat pests like bollworms. It contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to the larvae of moths and butterflies but harmless to other organisms. The Bt protein is activated in the alkaline environment of the insect's gut and makes holes in the lining, killing the insect. Bt cotton provides benefits like increased yields, reduced insecticide use, and lower costs, but also has disadvantages like higher seed prices and concerns about its effects on human and environmental health. India was an early adopter of Bt cotton in 2002.
Analysis of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal parasites of chickens in moder...Innspub Net
A study was carried out in the commune of Korhogo to assess gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites in modern poultry farms. To achieve this, 214 droppings samples, including 129 broilers and 85 laying hens from 40 broiler farms and 12 laying chicken farms were collected and analyzed using the flotation method. The results highlighted two (2) species of mallophagous lice namely Menopon gallinae (50%) and Menacanthus stramineus (33%) and a species of bug namely Cimex lectularius (17%) for ectoparasites. As for the gastro-parasites, two (2) species and four (4) genera namely Trichostrongylus tenuis (17%), Syngamus trachea (19%); Heterakis sp (10%), Ascaridia sp (17%), Raillietina sp (8%) and Eimeria sp (29%) have been identified. Coccidiosis (Eimeria) was the most important pathology in broiler farms with 67% and less important in laying hens (33%). Helminth eggs have been observed more in laying hens. Ultimately laying hens are more infested than broilers.
The document discusses the history and development of insect biotechnology. Some key points:
- Insect biotechnology was first introduced in Europe in 2002 under Professor Pennacchio in Italy.
- It involves using whole insects, their organs/cells/molecules, or symbiotic microbes in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
- The term "yellow biotechnology" was coined due to the yellow color of insect hemolymph, which has delivered chemicals, proteins, and microbes for various applications.
- Guide on insect biotechnology was published in 2007. Insect biotechnology can be used in fields like medicine, agriculture, and industry.
The document discusses antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues found in chicken meat and eggs sold in Kenya. Some key points:
- 87.5% of meat and 100% of egg samples showed presence of antibiotic residues when tested against various bacteria.
- Bacterial counts were higher in meat samples from Kiwanja market compared to Kenyatta University, with mean counts of 190.25 x 102 CFU and 104.96 x 102 CFU respectively.
- Isolated bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella from samples showed resistance to certain commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin and intermediate resistance to others.
- The study reveals the presence of antibiotic residues and resistant bacteria in chicken products in
Applications of flow cytometry to clinical microbiologyLAB IDEA
This document provides an overview of the applications of flow cytometry to clinical microbiology. It discusses how flow cytometry can be used for the direct detection of bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses through detection of antigens or nucleic acids. It also describes how flow cytometry can be applied to serological diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The document outlines how flow cytometry allows for rapid analysis and monitoring of infections and antimicrobial therapy. In conclusion, it discusses the benefits flow cytometry provides for clinical microbiology and its future potential.
Detection of Campylobacter carriage rate in different poultry production syst...ILRI
This study investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter carriage in chickens in different production systems in Ethiopia. Faecal samples were collected from backyard flocks and farms in rural and peri-urban areas. 18.4% of samples tested positive for Campylobacter, all identified as C. jejuni. Peri-urban flocks and flocks of Rhode Island Red or hybrids were most likely to test positive. The study concludes that changing towards more intensive production systems increases risk, while traditional backyard flocks also show high rates of carriage, potentially contaminating home environments and increasing risks to human health. More research is needed to evaluate the effects of changing production systems.
Genetic engineering & new technologies their progress in Integrated Pest Man...Thims957
Genetic engineering and new technologies have made progress in integrated pest management (IPM) programs but also face limitations. Technologies like inserting insect-resistant genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into plants or using genetic engineering to optimize the speed at which pathogens kill pests have shown promise. However, producing recombinant pathogens faster-killing hosts results in fewer pathogen bodies produced. Additionally, viruses must be ingested to work and can be deactivated by sunlight or rain. Fungal pathogens are intolerant of low humidity or high heat. While biotechnology has improved crops through herbicide and insect resistance, developing transgenic methods that are economical at a large scale remains a challenge.
Impacts of Anaerobic Digestion and Solid Liquid Separation on Pathogen Destru...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67742
A study was conducted to evaluate the pathogen inactivation on 9 dairy facilities in Wisconsin with a combination of anaerobic digestion and solid/liquid separation technologies. Samples were collected every 2 weeks over the course of eight months to assess dairy pathogen inactivation in full-scale operational digesters and solid/liquid separators. Samples were then analyzed by qPCR for pathogens including protozoa, bacteria. bovine viruses, and indicators.
Preliminary results indicate full-scale anaerobic digesters reduce pathogen levels by 99% to 99.9%. And after digestion and separation of the digestate, the liquid fraction contains the majority of pathogens. Although the solids fraction contained fewer pathogens, the concentration could still be above the infectious dose, particularly for calves. Results have implications for a variety of digestate end uses including bedding and land spreading.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on using bacterial genes for crop improvement. It introduces some key bacterial genes used in transgenic crops, such as Bt cry genes which provide insect resistance. Methods of gene transfer discussed include particle gun and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Examples are given of crops improved through bacterial genes, including Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, and 'Golden Rice' containing genes for vitamin A production. The document also discusses properties needed for effective bacterial transformation genes and the mode of action of Bt toxins in insects.
Similar to Prerequisites for HACCP in poultry processing in Maputo, Mozambique (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor Ivaniuk
Prerequisites for HACCP in poultry processing in Maputo, Mozambique
1. Muchangos AC 1, McCrindle CME 1, Matusse H ³, Makita K 2
1 University of Pretoria, South Africa
2 International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya
3 Institute for Agricultural Research of Mozambique
Poultry is a major component of the diet, a valuable and Participatory risk analysis to investigate the value chains for
affordable source of protein for all society in Mozambique. poultry processing in Maputo, indicating possible stages at
However, it is unknown whether poultry meat consumption which there was a risk of microbiological hazards that could
contributes to diarrheal diseases, an important cause of influence safety of the final product:
mortalities in the country. • semi-structured interviews;
• focus group discussions;
• observation of poultry processing in formal and informal
slaughter
The magnitude of the risk of microbiological hazards was
estimated using laboratory analysis. Samples of poultry
carcasses were randomly collected from abattoirs, live bird
markets and farms, and processed using 3M™ Petrifilm™ Plates
for E coli Type I, Coliforms and Aerobic Plate Count as indicators
of contamination to assess the compliance with GHP and GMP,
considered relevant pre-requisites for HACCP.
Fig 1 Shows the poultry value chain as a flow diagram, for each type of
processor in Maputo
The contamination rate with E. coli Type I was significantly
The magnitude of the risk for a single consumer can be
higher in live bird markets (63%) than formal abattoir (39%)
estimated from market segmentation, based on the estimated
and farms (40%). The Coliforms was significantly higher in
number of fowls slaughtered per week per outlet type.
abattoir (41%,) than farms (21%) and live bird market (6%). The
Although the highest proportion of contaminated carcasses is
APC was significantly higher in live bird markets (87%) than
from the live birds markets, the largest number of contaminated
formal abattoir (64%) and farms (44%).
poultry carcasses comes from the high throughput abattoirs.
Fig 2 Relative frequency
Of the 3 bacterial counts that are most likely to prejudice food at abattoir
Hygiene assessment and management system is proposed for all
safety rather than quality, the level of E. coli Type 1 is the most
three value chains with a focus on the CCPs identified by the
important as it indicates faecal contamination. This suggest a
research. A participatory risk communication strategy has been
higher likelihood of risk in poultry meat from live bird markets
developed for all involved in the poultry value chain to improve
than those from the formal abattoir or direct from the farm.
hygiene and safety of poultry meat.
However, all three value chains were contaminated with the
faecally derived organism, which has the potential to cause
food born disease in consumers.
CAC. 2005. Code of hygienic practice for meat1. RCP 58.
Fig 3 Relative frequency
Table 1 shows the estimated number of carcasses at farms
CAC. 1999. Principles and guidelines for the conduct of microbiological risk assessment. GL-
30.
contaminated with E. coli Type 1, entering the market per week Directorate for Veterinary Services (DVS). 2007. Standards for microbiological monitoring of
meat. VPN/15/2007-1. Pretoria.
Outlet type Fowls % positive for E Freq. of contaminated Directorate for Veterinary Services (DVS). 2007. Meat Inspectors Manual. Poultry, Part II.
slaughtered/week coli Type 1 carcasses/week Pretoria.
Farms 10943 40 4377 Ministério da Saúde. 1997. Manual de Microbiologia Alimentar. Maputo.
Abattoirs 43772 39 17071 Mozambique Poultry Association. 2009. Annual report. Maputo
Market 3283 63 20684
Prerequisites such as lack infrastructure for processing,
ILRI, University of Pretoria, Institute for Agricultural Research of Mozambique and
inadequate waste management and poor hygiene were Mozambique Poultry Association are acknowledged for contributions to this research
observed in live birds markets and farms. Deficient disinfection Fig 4 Relative frequency
of equipment and utensils, inadequate washing of carcasses, at live market
Inadequate chilling temperature and poor personal hygiene
were observed at abattoirs.