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Introduction to Biochemistry and Cell Organization in Pharmacy

Explore biochemistry fundamentals, key scientists, cell structures, and their roles in pharmacy, including drug design, metabolism, and cellular functions.

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Pharmacy Education• Anatomy and Physiology•Clinical Pharmacy•
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INTRODUCTIONTO BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL ORGANIZATION PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
INTRODUCTION Definition: Biochemistry is the "chemistry of living cells". It studies the chemical substances and reactions occurring inside living organisms, acting as a bridge between biology and chemistry. Definition: Biochemistry is the "chemistry of living cells". It studies the chemical substances and reactions occurring inside living organisms, acting as a bridge between biology and chemistry. Key Elements: Living matter is mainly composed of six basic elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHNOPS). These make up about 90% of the dry weight of the human body. Key Elements: Living matter is mainly composed of six basic elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHNOPS). These make up about 90% of the dry weight of the human body. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Origin of Name: Coined in 1903 by German chemist Carl Neuberg (often called the Father of Biochemistry). Key Milestones: Late 19th Century: Major progress in understanding the chemistry of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Nucleic Acid Research: Modern molecular biology developed rapidly through the work of scientists like Frederick Sanger and Har Gobind Khorana. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
KEY SCIENTISTS & DISCOVERIES Major Contribution Scientist First to synthesize an organic compound (urea) from an inorganic substance (ammonium cyanate). FriedrichWöhler Showed that cell-free yeast extract can ferment sugar into alcohol. Eduard Buchner Discovered the Citric Acid Cycle (TCA / Krebs Cycle). Hans Krebs Proved that DNA is the genetic material. Avery & MacLeod Identified that the TCA cycle occurs inside mitochondria. Albert Lehninger Proposed the double-helix model of DNA. Watson & Crick Deciphered the genetic code in mRNA. M.W. Nirenberg PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY Explains how living systems function at a molecular level. Explains how living systems function at a molecular level. Helps synthesize, design, and discover new drug molecules. Helps synthesize, design, and discover new drug molecules. Aids in diagnosing metabolic disorders and nutritional deficiency diseases. Aids in diagnosing metabolic disorders and nutritional deficiency diseases. Essential for understanding enzyme-drug interactions and gene functions. Essential for understanding enzyme-drug interactions and gene functions. Assists in agricultural and veterinary developments (e.g., pesticides, animal breeding). Assists in agricultural and veterinary developments (e.g., pesticides, animal breeding). PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN PHARMACY Agriculture: Enables the development of disease- resistant crops, high-yield varieties, and plant-derived medicines. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL ORGANIZATION Definition:The fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Discovery: Named by Robert Hooke in 1665 after observing cork compartments under a microscope. Cytology:The scientific study of cell structure and function. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
PROKARYOTESVS. EUKARYOTES Eukaryotes (eu = true, karyon = nucleus) Prokaryotes (pro = before, karyon = nucleus) Feature Larger (10–100 µm) Small (1–10 µm) Size Flexible plasma membrane Rigid cell wall Outer Boundary True nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane Absent; genetic material sits in the nucleoid without a membrane Nucleus Present (mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc.) Membrane-bound organelles absent Organelles 80S 70S Ribosomes Mitosis and meiosis Binary fission; no mitosis Cell Division Plants, animals, fungi Bacteria, blue-green algae Examples PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 1. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) Structure: Lipid bilayer model proposed as the Fluid Mosaic Model by Singer and Nicolson. Function: Acts as a selective physical barrier, controls the entry/exit of substances, and facilitates cell-to-cell signaling. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 2. CELLWALL Structure: Rigid, non-living outer layer found outside the membrane in plants (made of cellulose/hemicellulose) and fungi (chitin). Structure: Rigid, non-living outer layer found outside the membrane in plants (made of cellulose/hemicellulose) and fungi (chitin). Function: Provides structural shape, mechanical protection, and prevents excessive water swelling/bursting. Function: Provides structural shape, mechanical protection, and prevents excessive water swelling/bursting. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 3. CYTOSOLAND CYTOSKELETON Cytosol: Liquid matrix of the cell where primary biochemical pathways occur (e.g., glycolysis in prokaryotes/eukaryotes). Cytoskeleton: Internal protein scaffolding consisting of: Microfilaments: Provide mechanical support and assist in cell movement/muscle contraction. Microtubules: Offer structural stability and anchor organelles. Intermediate Filaments: Aid cell-to-cell adhesion and tissue strength. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 4. NUCLEUS Structure: Double-membrane organelle discovered by Robert Brown (1831). Function: Known as the "brain of the cell"; stores genetic material (DNA), directs cellular activities, and synthesizes ribosomal subunits via the nucleolus. (Mature mammalian RBCs lack a nucleus). PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 5. MITOCHONDRIA Structure: Double-membraned; the inner membrane forms folds called cristae, enclosing the fluid-filled matrix. Discovered by Albert von Kölliker. Function: Known as the "Powerhouse of the Cell". Generates cellular energy (ATP) via aerobic respiration, housing the Krebs cycle in the matrix and the Electron Transport System (ETS) on the inner membrane/cristae. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Structure: Interconnected network of flat membranous sacs (cisternae). Types & Functions: Rough ER (RER): Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and processes proteins and glycoproteins. Rough ER (RER): Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and processes proteins and glycoproteins. Smooth ER (SER): Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids, and assists in drug/toxin metabolism. Smooth ER (SER): Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids, and assists in drug/toxin metabolism. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 7. GOLGI APPARATUS Structure: Stack of membrane-bound flattened discs (dictyosomes) discovered by Camillo Golgi. Has a receiving face (cis-face) and an exit face (trans-face). Function: Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins received from the ER (by glycosylation/sulfation) for export or delivery to other organelles (like lysosomes and peroxisomes). PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 8. LYSOSOMES Structure & Nature: Spherical, single-membrane vesicles containing about 60 types of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes.Discovered by Christian de Duve. Optimal Condition: Enzymes function best in an acidic environment (pH ~5). Key Identifiers: • Known as "Suicidal Bags" because their enzymes can break down the cell itself (autolysis). • Acid phosphatase is used as their marker enzyme. • Known as "Suicidal Bags" because their enzymes can break down the cell itself (autolysis). • Acid phosphatase is used as their marker enzyme. Functions: • Destroys invading bacteria and foreign materials. • Cleans up excess glandular secretory products. • Removes unneeded • Destroys invading bacteria and foreign materials. • Cleans up excess glandular secretory products. • Removes unneeded PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 9. PEROXISOMES Structure: Single-membrane, spherical or oval microbodies containing the enzyme catalase. Discovered by Christian de Duve (1955). • Detoxification: Converts toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into harmless water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) using catalase. • Metabolism: Carries out 𝛽-oxidation of fatty acids. • Detoxification: Converts toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into harmless water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) using catalase. • Metabolism: Carries out 𝛽-oxidation of fatty acids. Functions: PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 10. CENTROSOME Location & Structure: Situated near the nucleus, composed of a pair of centrioles made of microtubules embedded in pericentriolar material. Functions: Serves as the main microtubule-organizing center. Assembles microtubules in non-dividing cells. Forms the mitotic spindle to separate chromosomes during cell division. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 11. FLAGELLAVS. CILIA Cilia Flagella Feature Short, hair-like surface projections Long, thread-like surface appendages Definition Short; present in large numbers per cell Long; fewer in number Length & Count Fast, coordinated rotational / motor- like beating Slow, wave-like / undulating motion Movement Found only in eukaryotes Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes Occurrence Locomotion and feeding Locomotion only Function PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CELL ORGANELLES: 12. RIBOSOMES Composition: Granular complexes made of ribosomal RNA and ribonucleoproteins. Subunit Structure: Built from two subunits (one large, one small). • Prokaryotes (70S): 50S (large) + 30S (small). • Eukaryotes (80S): 60S (large) + 40S (small). • (Note: "S" stands for Svedberg unit, a measure of sedimentation rate). Functions: • Membrane-bound Ribosomes (on ER): Produce proteins destined for cell membrane insertion or external secretion. • Free Cytosolic Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins utilized directly inside the cytosol. PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
THANKYOU PAWAN KUMAR SAHU LECTURER AT RUDAULI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY