Interactive Workbook on Human Cerebrum Anatomy and Clinical Localization

Interactive Workbook on Human Cerebrum Anatomy and Clinical Localization

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  Cerebrum Workbook |1 ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN CEREBRUM An Interactive Workbook for Identification, Labelling & Clinical Application Course / Year: ___________________________________ Student Name: ___________________________________ Roll No.: ___________________________________ Conceptualized and Developed by Dr. Rupal Shah Associate Professor Department of Rachana Sharira Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Pune Version 1.0 | August 2026
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  Cerebrum Workbook |2 About This Workbook This workbook turns the study of the cerebrum into a sequence of observe-identify-mark-relate activities. Rather than learning cortical anatomy only as a list of names, you will repeatedly return to the same hemisphere from different viewpoints and build a three-dimensional understanding of its surfaces, landmarks, functional areas and blood supply. Use the illustrations as working diagrams. Trace boundaries, add labels, develop your own colour key and write brief anatomical notes in the spaces provided. The final section asks you to use these observations to localise lesions in short clinical situations, so that structural anatomy is connected with function and vascular territory. The workbook is intended for supervised internal academic and laboratory use. Standard anatomical terms have been retained deliberately; the activities and explanatory text are organised for practical learning. Copyright © 2026 Dr. Rupal Shah. All rights reserved. No part of this workbook may be reproduced, redistributed or uploaded without prior written permission of the author.
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  Cerebrum Workbook |3 SHEET 1 | Getting Oriented: Surfaces, Borders, Lobes & Poles Your task: Begin with the cerebral hemisphere as a three-dimensional structure. Examine the views provided and first decide what is anterior, posterior, superior, medial and inferior. Then locate the surfaces, borders and poles listed in the table. Add your own colour key and use light shading to show the limits of the major lobes. Figure 1A. Three-Dimensional View of the Cerebral Hemisphere for External Orientation
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  Cerebrum Workbook |4 Figure 1B. Anterior View showing the Separation of the Cerebral Hemispheres Figure 1C. External Landmarks of the Cerebral Hemisphere No. Structure / landmark Colour Key One-Line Anatomical Note 1 Superomedial border 2 Inferolateral border 3 Inferomedial border 4 Superolateral surface 5 Medial surface 6 Inferior surface - orbital and tentorial parts 7 Frontal pole 8 Temporal pole 9 Occipital pole 10 Longitudinal cerebral fissure
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  Cerebrum Workbook |5 SHEET 2 | Reading the Superolateral Surface: Sulci & Gyri Your task: Use the lateral view as an anatomical map. Start with the central and lateral sulci because they provide the main reference points. From these landmarks, work outward to identify the neighbouring gyri and the boundaries of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. Finally, divide the inferior frontal gyrus into pars orbitalis, pars triangularis and pars opercularis. Figure 2A. Superolateral Surface of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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  Cerebrum Workbook |6 Figure 2B. Closer Lateral View for Tracing Major Sulci and Gyri No. Structure / Landmark Colour Key One-Line Anatomical Note 1 Central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando) 2 Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) 3 Precentral gyrus 4 Postcentral gyrus 5 Inferior frontal gyrus 6 Superior temporal gyrus 7 Supramarginal gyrus 8 Angular gyrus 9 Pre-occipital notch and imaginary boundary line 10 Stem of lateral sulcus 11 Anterior horizontal ramus 12 Anterior ascending ramus 13 Posterior ramus 14 Pars orbitalis 15 Pars triangularis 16 Pars opercularis
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  Cerebrum Workbook |7 SHEET 3 | Exploring the Medial Surface & Corpus Callosum Your task: Study the medial aspect from the midline outward. First trace the corpus callosum from rostrum to splenium. Next identify the cingulate region and the medial cortical landmarks around it. Continue posteriorly to the parieto-occipital and calcarine sulci, and use two colours to distinguish the broad cortical territories of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries on this surface. Figure 3A. Medial View of the Cerebral Hemisphere
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  Cerebrum Workbook |8 Figure 3B. Mid-Sagittal View Highlighting the Corpus Callosum and Neighbouring Structures No. Structure / Landmark Colour Key One-Line Anatomical Note 1 Rostrum of corpus callosum 2 Genu of corpus callosum 3 Body of corpus callosum 4 Splenium of corpus callosum 5 Lamina terminalis 6 Indusium griseum 7 Callosal sulcus 8 Cingulate gyrus 9 Forceps major 10 Forceps minor 11 Cingulate sulcus and marginal ramus 12 Paracentral lobule 13 Medial frontal gyrus 14 Precuneus 15 Cuneus 16 Parieto-occipital sulcus 17 Calcarine sulcus
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  Cerebrum Workbook |9 SHEET 4 | Looking from Below: Orbital & Tentorial Surfaces Your task: Orient the brain from its inferior aspect before labelling. Separate the anterior orbital part from the posterior tentorial part and then identify the landmarks in relation to the olfactory sulcus, temporal lobe and medial occipitotemporal region. Trace the H-shaped orbital sulcus rather than treating the orbital gyri as isolated structures. Figure 4. Inferior View of the Brain Used to Study the Basal Surface No. Structure / landmark Colour Key One-Line Anatomical Note 1 Olfactory sulcus and olfactory tract/bulb 2 Gyrus rectus 3 H-shaped orbital sulcus and orbital gyri 4 Uncus 5 Collateral sulcus and rhinal sulcus 6 Parahippocampal gyrus 7 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 8 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 9 Anterior perforated substance
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  Cerebrum Workbook |10 SHEET 5 | Following the Blood Supply: Circle of Willis & Cerebral Territories Your task: Trace the arterial pathway rather than memorising isolated vessel names. Begin with the vertebral and internal carotid contributions, follow the vessels forming the arterial circle, and then identify the major cerebral arteries. Return to your earlier surface sheets and create a consistent colour key for the broad cortical territories of the ACA, MCA and PCA. Figure 5. Inferior View of the Cerebral Arterial Circulation and Circle of Willis No. Structure / landmark Colour Key One-Line Anatomical Note 1 Internal carotid artery (ICA) 2 Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) 3 Anterior communicating artery 4 Middle cerebral artery (MCA) 5 Posterior communicating artery 6 Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) 7 Basilar artery 8 Vertebral arteries 9 Lenticulostriate branches
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  Cerebrum Workbook |11 SHEET 6 | From Surface Anatomy to Clinical Localisation Your task: For each patient, work in the same order: identify the neurological deficit, decide which cortical function is disturbed, localise the likely cortical region, and only then relate it to the most probable arterial territory. Support each answer with a short anatomical reason. CASE 1 | Speech Becomes Effortful A 64-year-old man with hypertension suddenly finds it difficult to express himself. He remains alert and clearly understands what is said to him. When asked to close his eyes or point towards the ceiling, he performs the task correctly. His own speech, however, is slow and laboured, with short phrases such as “want... water...”. He becomes visibly frustrated while trying to communicate. Examination also shows mild weakness of the right lower face and right hand. Work through the localisation: 1. Localise the lesion as precisely as possible. Name the lobe, gyrus and relevant Brodmann areas. 2. Which cerebral artery and branch would most likely supply this region? Would you expect the lesion in the dominant or non-dominant hemisphere? 3. How does the functional organisation of the language cortex explain preserved comprehension with impaired fluent speech? Anatomical reasoning: ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ CASE 2 | Fluent Words Without Meaning A 71-year-old woman is brought by her family after a sudden change in her speech. She talks rapidly, with normal rhythm and clear pronunciation, yet her sentences do not convey meaningful information. She does not appear concerned about the problem. During examination she cannot carry out a simple spoken instruction such as “show me your tongue”, and reading and writing are also disturbed. Work through the localisation: 1. What language disorder does this pattern suggest? Identify the cortical region, gyri and relevant Brodmann area(s). 2. Which arterial territory supplies this region, and how is it related to the classical Wernicke language area? 3. Compare this patient's speech fluency, comprehension and awareness with the findings in Case 1. Anatomical reasoning: ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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  Cerebrum Workbook |12 CASE 3 | A Deficit Confined to the Lower Limb A 58-year-old marathon runner collapses and is brought to the emergency department. Examination shows complete loss of voluntary movement and sensation in the right leg and foot. Motor power and sensation in the right face, arm and hand are preserved. Her speech is normal and she is fully oriented. Work through the localisation: 1. Where on the cerebral cortex would you localise the lesion? Specify the gyrus/lobule and whether the affected representation is mainly medial or lateral. 2. Use the motor and sensory homunculi to explain why the face and upper limb are spared. 3. Which major cerebral artery is most likely involved, and which cortical branches supply this region? Anatomical reasoning: ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ CASE 4 | Half the Field Is Lost, the Centre Is Spared A 67-year-old retired literature professor suddenly develops difficulty seeing objects on her right side. Visual-field testing demonstrates a right homonymous hemianopia. More detailed testing shows preservation of central macular vision. MRI confirms a localised ischaemic lesion in the left occipital lobe. Work through the localisation: 1. Which sulcus and primary cortical visual area are most likely involved? State the relevant Brodmann area. 2. Why can a lesion in this location produce contralateral homonymous hemianopia while central vision remains preserved? 3. Which cerebral artery is most likely occluded, and how can overlapping arterial supply at the occipital pole contribute to macular sparing? Anatomical reasoning: ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________
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  Cerebrum Workbook |13 End-of-Workbook Reflection Before closing the workbook, return to your labelled sheets and check whether you can move between views of the same hemisphere without relying on the answer table. Choose any one clinical case and trace the reasoning backwards: symptom → function → cortical location → surface landmark → arterial territory. One structure I can now identify confidently: __________________________________________________ One relationship I still need to revise: ______________________________________________________ One clinical correlation that helped me understand the anatomy: ______________________________________
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  Cerebrum Workbook |14 SHEET 7 | Mapping the Cerebral Cortex: Brodmann Areas Your task: Brodmann areas are easier to remember when the number is linked to a visible cortical landmark. Using the cerebral surface diagrams from the earlier sheets, locate the areas listed below. Mark each area on the appropriate view, record its principal function, and use a consistent colour key to group motor, sensory and association areas. Suggested colour activity: Use one colour for motor areas, a second for sensory areas, and a third for association/language areas. Do not colour the entire lobe; restrict the shading to the approximate cortical region being studied. Figure 6A. Broadmann Area – Superolateral Surface
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  Cerebrum Workbook |15 Figure 6B. Broadmann Area – Medial Surface
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  Cerebrum Workbook |16 Area Locate it on the Cortex Functional Identity What it Helps You Understand Colour Code 4 Precentral gyrus; anterior part of paracentral lobule Primary motor cortex Voluntary movement 6 Premotor cortex and supplementary motor region Motor association area Planning and organisation of movement 8 Posterior part of middle frontal gyrus Frontal eye field Voluntary conjugate eye movement 3, 1, 2 Postcentral gyrus; posterior part of paracentral lobule Primary somatosensory cortex Conscious somatic sensation 5, 7 Superior parietal lobule Somatosensory association cortex Interpretation and integration of somatic sensation 17 Cortex along the calcarine sulcus Primary visual cortex Reception of visual information 18, 19 Occipital cortex surrounding Area 17 Visual association cortex Interpretation of visual information 41, 42 Transverse temporal gyri / superior temporal region Primary auditory cortex Reception and initial processing of sound 22 Superior temporal gyrus; posterior dominant region Auditory/language association cortex Language comprehension in the dominant hemisphere 44, 45 Inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere Broca motor speech region Motor programming of speech 39 Angular gyrus Association cortex Language-related integration; reading and writing 40 Supramarginal gyrus Association cortex Language and somatosensory integration 43 Region near lower postcentral gyrus / parietal operculum Gustatory cortex Taste perception
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  Cerebrum Workbook |17 Apply What You Have Mapped 1. Contralateral hand weakness follows a small cortical lesion. Which Brodmann area and gyrus would you examine first? Reasoning: ______________________________________________________________________ 2. A patient understands speech but speaks slowly and with effort. Which Brodmann areas are likely to be involved? Reasoning: ______________________________________________________________________ 3. A patient produces fluent speech but cannot understand spoken language. Which posterior cortical area should be considered? Reasoning: ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Which Brodmann area lies along the calcarine sulcus, and what is its principal function? Reasoning: ______________________________________________________________________ 5. A patient can feel an object in the hand but cannot recognise it by touch with the eyes closed. Which parietal association areas may be involved? Reasoning: ______________________________________________________________________