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Integration of Junagadh and Kashmir

The document outlines the integration of Indian states, focusing on Junagadh and Jammu & Kashmir. Junagadh faced opposition to the Nawab's accession to Pakistan, leading to military action from India and a subsequent referendum favoring integration with India. Jammu & Kashmir, a strategically vital region, experienced tribal invasions and a complicated accession process, resulting in India's military intervention and a UN appeal regarding the conflict.

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Integration of Indian States foundation of modern India Part - II Source: Integration of Indian States by V. P. Menon
Integration of Junagadh  Area: 8643 sq. km  Population: 670,719 (Census of 1941)  Hindus: 80%  Prime state in Kathiwar  No land connectivity to Pakistan  Nawab signed accession to Pakistan against the will of citizens  India was suggesting referendum
Integration of Junagadh  Agitation started by people of Kathiwar  Arzee Hukumat: Provisional government by people  Sept 1947: Jungadh sent troops to neighboring states  1st Oct 1947: Occupied Mongrol which had acceded to India  India asked for removal of forces, but refused by Junagadh  More than hundred thousands of Hindus fled
Integration of Junagadh  Military action decided by India  Food supply deteriorated, revenue decreased  Nov 1947: Nawab fled to Pakistan with all treasury  Forces of Arzee Hukumat occupied various parts of State  7th Nov 1947: Dewan of Junagadh handed over administration to Arzee Hukumat  9th Nov 1947: Indian government took over administration  13th Nov 1947: Nawab ready to join India
Integration of Junagadh  20th Feb 1948: Referendum in Junagadh Registered voters: 201457 Total votes casted: 190870 Votes for Pakistan: 91  Democratization of administration started  1st June 1948: Executive council set up to assist administration  20th Feb 1949: Administration handed over to Saurashtra Union
Integration of Jammu and Kashmir Strategically important state:  Himalayan ranges defence  Major rivers flowing through the region  Connects to middle Asia  Majority Muslims citizens, but Hindu ruler  Sheikh Abdullah led ‘National Conference' campaigning against ruler  Didn’t accede to India or Pakistan, but Standstill agreement with Pakistan
Integration of Jammu and Kashmir  Operation Gulmarg:  22nd Oct 1947: Tribal invasion started in Kashmir  24th Oct 1947: Captured Baramula and Power supply to Srinagar was cut  Started advance towards Srinagar  Operated from bases in Pakistan  Obtained high quality military equipment from Pakistan army  Pakistan started economic blockade of Kashmir  Ghastly atrocities by raiders in Kashmir
Integration of Jammu and Kashmir  24th Oct 1947: Maharaja made desperate appeal to India for help  25th Oct 1947: Indian officials flew to Kashmir  26th Oct 1947: Maharaja signed Instrument of Accession. Military operation was decided.  27th Oct 1947: Airlift of Indian troops to Srinagar started  8th Nov 1947: Indian forces recaptured Baramula  31st Dec 1947: India formally appealed to U.N. for Kashmir case  1st Jan 1949: Cease-fire ordered by both nations To be continued…
Next in this series  Accession of Hyderabad Comment For more discussions © Discussion is Solution