Inflammation pathology-1 notes - B.Sc. Nursing 3rd Semester

Inflammation pathology-1 notes - B.Sc. Nursing 3rd Semester

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  PATHOLOGY – I (ForB.Sc. Nursing 3rd Semester) INFLAMMATION Inflammation: • Acute inflammation (Vascular and Cellular events, systemic effects of acute inflammation) • Chronic inflammation (Granulomatous inflammation, systemic effects of chronic inflammation) Definition Inflammation is the protective response of living vascularized tissues to injury or infection. Its purpose is to eliminate the cause of injury, remove dead cells, and initiate tissue repair. Types of Inflammation 1. Acute Inflammation 2. Chronic Inflammation 1. Acute Inflammation Definition Acute inflammation is the immediate and short-duration response to tissue injury, characterized by exudation of plasma proteins and migration of neutrophils. Causes (Etiology) • Bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections • Physical agents (heat, cold, radiation, trauma) • Chemical agents (acids, alkalis, toxins) • Tissue necrosis • Foreign bodies • Immunological reactions Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation • Rubor – Redness • Calor – Heat • Tumor – Swelling • Dolor – Pain • Functio laesa – Loss of function
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  Vascular Events ofAcute Inflammation Tissue injury ↓ Brief vasoconstriction ↓ Vasodilation ↓ Increased vascular permeability ↓ Exudation of plasma proteins ↓ Edema and stasis Cellular Events of Acute Inflammation Margination ↓ Rolling ↓ Adhesion ↓ Diapedesis ↓ Chemotaxis ↓ Phagocytosis Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation • Fever • Leukocytosis (increased WBC count) • Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) • Increased ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) • Malaise • Loss of appetite • Tachycardia
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  Outcomes of AcuteInflammation • Complete resolution • Healing by fibrosis (scar formation) • Abscess formation • Progression to chronic inflammation 2. Chronic Inflammation Definition Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair occur simultaneously. Causes (Etiology) • Persistent infections (e.g., tuberculosis) • Autoimmune diseases • Prolonged exposure to toxic substances • Foreign bodies • Untreated acute inflammation Characteristics • Infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells • Tissue destruction • Fibrosis and healing Granulomatous Inflammation Definition Granulomatous inflammation is a special type of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas. Granuloma A granuloma consists of: • Epithelioid macrophages • Multinucleated giant cells • Lymphocytes • Fibroblasts (in older lesions) Causes • Tuberculosis • Leprosy • Sarcoidosis • Fungal infections • Foreign bodies
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  Types 1. Caseating Granuloma •Central caseous necrosis • Seen in tuberculosis 2. Non-caseating Granuloma • No central necrosis • Seen in sarcoidosis Systemic Effects of Chronic Inflammation • Low-grade fever • Weight loss • Fatigue • Anemia of chronic disease • Increased ESR • Increased CRP • Lymphadenopathy • Amyloidosis (in prolonged inflammation) Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammation Persistent infection / autoimmune disease / foreign body ↓ Recruitment of macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells ↓ Activation of macrophages by cytokines ↓ Release of inflammatory mediators and enzymes ↓ Tissue destruction ↓ Fibroblast proliferation & collagen deposition ↓ Fibrosis (scar formation) ± Granuloma formation
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  Difference Between Acuteand Chronic Inflammation Feature Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation Onset Rapid Slow Duration Short Long Main cells Neutrophils Macrophages, lymphocytes Tissue damage Mild Marked Fibrosis Minimal Common Outcome Resolution or abscess Fibrosis, granuloma, organ dysfunction