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Indoor Air Quality IAQ ICOP 2010 Malaysia

The document discusses the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) in the workplace and its impact on health, comfort, and productivity, emphasizing the need for adherence to the Industrial Code of Practice (ICOP) to mitigate IAQ issues. It outlines specific IAQ assessment procedures, acceptable exposure limits for various pollutants, and a complaint protocol to address employee concerns related to poor air quality. Additionally, the document includes guidelines for maintaining and improving IAQ through proper ventilation and maintenance practices.

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INDOOR AIR QUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE “Ensuring a healthy environment” Norwani Ahmat 1
SCOPE • Introduction • Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) issues in Malaysia • Background to ICOP • ICOP on IAQ • Benefits of adopting ICOP 2
Introduction 01. INDOOR AIR QUALITY 3
OSHE 4
IAQ refers to the quality of air inside buildings, which can affect health, comfort, and productivity. 5
Good indoor air quality (IAQ) is required for a healthy indoor work environment. 6
INDOOR AIR QUALITY SICK BUILDING BUILDING RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES The air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants 7
• Poor indoor air quality can cause a variety of short-term and long-term health problems. • IAQ problems occur in buildings that are served by a mechanical ventilating and air conditioning (MVAC) system including air- cooled split unit. • IAQ problems can be due to indoor air pollutants or to inadequate ventilation. Introduction 8
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME 9
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME • “Sick building syndrome” is the name that has commonly been used for illnesses that occur among occupants as a result of poor indoor air quality in building. • Sick building syndrome describe situation in which building occupants experience acute health and/or comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a particular building, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. The complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may be spread throughout the building. 10
BUILDING RELATED ILLNESSES 🞂 Less often,but often more serious & are accompanied by very definite clinical signs & clear laboratory findings 🞂 Hypersensitivity 🞂 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 🞂 Humidifier fever, 🞂 Asthma,Rhinitis, 🞂 Dermatitis 🞂 Infections 🞂 Legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever 🞂 Tuberculosis (TB), 🞂 Common cold 11
The Industrial Code of Practice for IAQ 02 12
ACTS REGULATIONS ORDERS CODE OF PRACTICES GUIDELINES DIRECTIVE LETTER Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Malaysia - Akta (dosh.gov.my) 13
WEBSITE DOSH/JKKP 14 Official Website Department of Occupational Safety and Health - LEGISLATION (dosh.gov.my) 14
1. To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks 2. To protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against risks 3. To promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs; 4. To provide the means whereby the associated OSH legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of regulations and approved industry codes of practice Section 4 15 OSHA OBJECTIVES
• The purpose of this industry code of practice is to provide guidance on improving the indoor air quality (IAQ) and to set minimum standard for selected parameters that will avoid discomfort and/or adverse health effect among employees and other occupants of an indoor or enclosed environment served by a mechanical ventilating and air conditioning (MVAC) system including aircooled split unit. 16
SCOPE (a) establishes a set of acceptable exposure limits for chemical and biological contaminants; (b) establishes a set of acceptable values for specific physical parameters; (c) describes a mechanism to identify, evaluate and control these indoor air contaminants; and (d) specifies other appropriate occupational safety and health measures. 17
APPLICATION OF ICOP Domestic buildings Applies to all buildings or any part of building or totally enclosed Any area or any part of the building which is constructed, used or intended to be used for domestic or industrial purposes Any area/partof buildingwhere Chemicals hazardousto healthare used foranalytical, research or preservation purposes Removal and disposal of asbestos containing materials areas served by MVAC including air-cooled split unit where persons work EXCEPT 18
COMPLAINTS PROCEDURE 🞂 Appendix 2 - sample of IAQ Complaint Form Establish a procedure to deal with complaint from employer and occupants related to signs and symptoms perceived to be due to IAQ Ensure that an investigation is conducted to ascertain the cause, upon receipt of complaint. Building Owner / Building Management 19
• Procedures for receiving and dealing with complaints • Description of the process or processes for response to a complaint • Regular reviews of complaints by the occupant • Identification of individuals responsible for administering the complaint process • Procedures for communicating any remedial action to the complainant; and • Follow-up procedures to ensure that the remedial action recommended COMPLAINT PROCEDURES SHALL INCLUDE: 20
Renovations are made that involve significant changes to the ventilation system e.g. room without supply or return air Occupancyin the space exceeds the recommended number of occupancyin the original design INVESTIGATION OF IAQ PROBLEM: DUTY TO INVESTIGATE WHENEVER.. Building Owner or Building Management Complaints received 21
IAQ Complaints & Investigation Process (Appendix 3) Conduct walkthrough inspection Receive indoor air quality complaints YES Communicate to building owner or building management Notify complainant Is there an obvious solution 20 Present Assessment Report to occupier and/or building owner Record keeping NO Conduct IAQ assessment Rectify problem or implement the recommended solution Follow-up to make sure the problem does not recur for the complaints ? 22
WALKTHROUGH INSPECTION ❑ Provides basic information on factors affecting IAQ ❑ Walkthrough activities-  Collect information about history of building and ventilation system;  Collect previous record of IAQ complaints;  Notify building occupants of the upcoming investigation;  Identify key individuals for access to relevant information as well as relevant locations within the building; and  Identify potential contaminants and their sources. ❑ To facilitate the walk through inspection, a Checklist is provided in Appendix. 23
Assessment of IAQ 03 24
ASSESSMENT OF IAQ BY IAQ ASSESSOR  Carried out during normal business activity and must consider:- ◾ sources of indoor air contaminants; ◾ an occupant’s exposure to ETS; ◾ an occupant’s exposure to air contaminants,either from indoor or outdoor sources; ◾ prescribed activities*; ◾ adequacy of mechanical ventilation at the place of work; and ◾ necessary actions to be taken to improve the IAQ. * Any activity that could pose health hazard to the occupants,e.g.painting and cleaning carpets 25
GUIDELINES FOR COMPETENT PERSON https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/ms/ 26
PANGGILAN ORANG YANG KOMPETEN “Penaksir Kualiti Udara Dalaman” adalah panggilan kepada orang kompeten yang dilantik oleh majikan untuk melaksanakan pentaksiran kualiti udara dalaman sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam Tataamalan Industri Kualiti Udara Dalaman 2010; INDIVIDU 27
ASSESSMENT OF IAQ BY IAQ ASSESSOR ⦿Assessment to include:- ◾ Measurement of specific physical parameters listed inTable 1; ◾ Measurement of indoor air contaminants listed inTable 2; ◾ Walkthrough inspection ◾ Symptom survey ⦿IAQ assessor shall present and submit the assessment report to the building owner or building management within 1 month upon completion of the assessment. 28
Table 1: Acceptable Range for Specific Physical Parameters Parameter Acceptable range (a) Air temperature 23 – 26 oC (b) Relative humidity 40-70% (c) Air movement 0.15 – 0.50 m/s •Reference MS 1525 :2001 •Code of practice on energy efficiency and renewable energy for non-residential buildings 29 29
Indoor Air Contaminants Acceptable Limits ppm mg/m3 cfu/m3 Chemical contaminants* 1.Carbon monoxide 10 - - 2.Formaldehyde 0.1 - - 3.Ozone 0.05 - - 4.Respirable particulates - 0.15 - 5.Total volatile organic compounds(TVOC) 3 - - Biological contaminants 1.Total bacterial counts - - 500* 2.Total fungal counts - - 1000* Ventilation performance indicator 1.Carbon dioxide C1000** - - Table 2: List of Indoor Air Contaminants and ACCEPTABLE Limits *Limits are eight-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations •mg/m3 is milligrams per cubic meter of air at 25° Celsius and one atmosphere pressure •ppm is parts of vapour or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume •cfu/m3 is colony forming units per cubic meter **C is the ceiling limit that shall not be exceeded at any time. 30
CARBON MONOXIDE 🞂 Combustion product 🞂 Automobile exhaust, smoking, unvented combustion appliances 🞂 Asphyxiant 🞂 The standard is set to provide a margin of safety for people with cardiovascular disease 31
FORMALDEHYDE 🞂 It is aVOC, 🞂 used in bonding/laminating agents, adhesives, paper & textile products, and in foam insulation 🞂 Also used in cosmetics & toiletries as preservative 🞂 New buildings,re-carpeting,ETS 🞂 Levels exceeding 1-3ppm cause mucous membrane irritation 🞂 Suspected carcinogen 🞂 Level set for comfortable environment 32
OZONE 🞂 Colourless gas 🞂 Produced in ambient air during photochemical oxidation of combustion products such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon 🞂 Ozone concentration set at 0.05ppm to prevent symptoms such as dryness of upper respiratory tract and throat and nose irritation 33
RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES 🞂 Less than 10 micron in diameter 🞂 Sources are ETS,aerosols from air fresheners or cleaning material 🞂 Other sources 🞂 dirt from carpets or 🞂 dirt carried in from outdoor 🞂 Outdoor sources such as from haze 🞂 Levels set as for outdoor air 34
VOCs 🞂 Human bioeffluents,personal care products, cleaning materials, paints,lacquer,varnishes, pesticides, pressed wood products, and insulation 🞂 Accumulation ofVOCs play a major role in SBS 🞂 SomeVOC such as benzene is carcinogenic 🞂 Level to prevent discomfort volatile organic compound 35
CARBON DIOXIDE 🞂 Product of combustion 🞂 Human respiration & ETS 🞂 It is an asphyxiant 🞂 At concentrations (>30,000ppm) may cause headache,loss of judgment,dizziness,drowsiness, and rapid breathing 🞂 Level set to indicate adequacy of ventilation rates or indicative of inadequate mixing. 36
MOULDS 🞂 Fungi that grow on dead organic matter and reproduce through tiny spores,invisible to naked eye,and float through outdoor and indoor air. 🞂 Mould may begin growing indoors when mould spores land on surfaces that are wet. 🞂 Mould growth can lead to a variety of health issues, such as causing allergic reactions,irritations,and in some cases,toxic actions. 🞂 Allergic responses include hay fever-type symptoms,such as sneezing,runny nose,red eyes,and skin rash (dermatitis). 🞂 Standard set for humidity and temperature is for comfort and to prevent mould growth 37
BACTERIA 🞂 Microscopic organisms found in indoor environments typically come from human sources (skin and respiration) or from the outdoors. 🞂 Bacteria found in the air in buildings are saprobes (grow on dead organic matter) and the primary concern is about bacteria colonies that may grow in damp areas. Legionella Pneumophila 38
MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION ⦿BO/BM to regularly inspect: ◾ ductwork, ◾ dehumidifiers, ◾ cooling coils, ◾ filters, ◾ internal building surfaces, and ◾ any other MVAC system components. ⦿Inspect every 6 month where it is likely that standing water will unintentionally accumulate and which could reasonably cause microbial growth;and take action to ◾ promptly remove the water;and ◾ make necessary repairs to prevent further accumulation. 34 39
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS 40
41
DUTY TO CONTROL EXPOSURE ⦿ BO/BM shall: ◾ maintain working environment conforming to acceptable range specified in Table 1. ⦿ Where assessment indicates that IAQ is unacceptable, BO/BM shall initiate to implement any of the control measures within 1 month after receiving report. ⦿ For any air conditioning system including air-cooled split unit, BO/BM or employer shall ensure the provision for adequate fresh air ventilation such as:- ◾ the use of Demand ControlVentilation (DCV); ◾ extractor; or ◾ by other suitable means. DCV 42
INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE OF MVAC 🞂 Maintenance schedule for MVAC system as per manufacturer's recommendations to ensure that the equipment operate efficiently. 🞂 If not specified,follow these frequencies and activities: At all time At least every month • Ensure filters perform properly and do not become clogged. • Regularly check cooling coils, condensate pipes & water trays for sign of sludge,algae,rust, blockage & leak. • Clean the water trays to ensure that no contaminants build up. At least every 6 months • Inspect the building and its MVAC system. • Clean components of air-handling units such as fans and dampers. • Clean coils and condensate pipes 43
Continue.. 🞂 MVAC system to be checked and adjusted to ensure correct air flow,temperature and humidity. After1st year of operation and at least every 2 years After any renovations or changes in floor layout that might affect air distribution. 🞂 Use of non-chemical water treatment for cooling tower- recommended 🞂 If biocides are used, the dosing shall carried out as per manufacturer recommendation. 🞂 Records shall be kept of all maintenance. 44
CONTROL FOR PRESCRIBED ACTIVITIES BO/BM/E to ensure adequate work procedures and control are used during prescribed activities which may include- 🞂 use of approved PPE; 🞂 sealing of area where prescribed activities is carried out; 🞂 displayingsignage to warn about hazardassociated with prescribed activities; 🞂 safe work procedures; 🞂 using portable exhaust system;or 🞂 administrative control measures such as carry out prescribed activities not during working hours. 45
PREVENTION & CONTROL FOR RENOVATION WORK ⦿ BO/BM shall not use materials contain any toxic substances. ⦿ Highly recommended to use low VOC emission materials. ⦿ For occupied buildings undergoing partial renovation: ◾ spaces to be renovated should be effectively isolated from occupied zones; ◾ supply air should be separated so that acceptable IAQ for occupants is maintained. ⦿ Any major renovation to the building where the air- conditioning system has been affected (e.g. by partitioning of office space): ◾ rebalancing of the air distribution shall be required. 46
INDOOR CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES 47
Pest Control ⦿ Minimise use of pesticides in non-commercial buildings. ⦿ Pesticide spraying shall be carried out: ◾ by licensed pest control operator and ◾ outside normal working hours, and preferably during the weekends. ⦿ Occupants in areas to be sprayed shall be notified in advance ⦿ Pesticides applied in targeted locations, with minimum treatment of exposed surfaces. ⦿ If hydrogen cyanide is used, BO/BM to comply with Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation)Act 1953 (Rev.1981). ⦿ BM or other person who organises pest control activities should have info on chemicals (SDS). 48
Housekeeping & Cleaning 🞂 Housekeeping keeps dust levels down and removes dirt which could otherwise become sources of contamination. 🞂 Cleaning schedule shall be arranged with reference to occupancy patterns and activity levels. 🞂 Daily cleaning of surfaces and steam vacuuming of floors is advisable for areas with high traffic or which are in constant use during the day. 🞂 When chemical based cleaning agents are used, SDSs on the cleaning agents should be available to the building manager and other occupants. 49
Housekeeping & Cleaning 50
Environment Tobacco Smoking (ETS) 🞂 Tobacco smoking is prohibited in many public ares as stipulated under: 🞂 Control ofTobacco Product Regulations 2004 [P.U.(A)324/2004]; 🞂 Control ofTobacco Product Regulations (Amendment) 2008;and 🞂 Control ofTobacco Product Regulations (Amendment) 2009; 🞂 In all indoor areas which are not covered by the Tobacco Product Regulations 2004, smoking should also be prohibited as far as practicable in order to achieve good indoor air quality standard. 51
Information 🞂 Employer shall ensure that all employees are informed on: 🞂 causes of poor indoor air quality and the adverse effects to health arising from it; 🞂 complaints procedure; 🞂 detrimental effects from ETS and its contribution to the overall indoor air quality; 🞂 modification or improvement to the poor ventilation system at the work station,if any;and 🞂 findings of the assessment. 52
KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 2 — Starting January 1, 2025, Malaysians who smoke or vape in office buildings, laundrettes, pubs, and nightclubs face a maximum fine of RM5,000. Here’s everything you need to know about the smoking and vaping ban: The smoking ban was introduced through a health minister’s order gazetted on September 30, 2024, known as the Control of Smoking Products For Public Health (Declaration of Non- Smoking Area or Place) Order 2024. 53
Instruction 🞂 Employer to give instructions but not limited to- 🞂 prohibition of smoking except at designated area(s); 🞂 not to tamper with MVAC system; 🞂 not to store material/chemical or equipment insideAHU room or ducting; 🞂 ensure fresh air intake is not blocked at any time or contaminated with undesirable and hazardous elements; and 🞂 to inform the employer of any discomfort related to indoor air quality. 54
Training 🞂 Employees to be trained on- 🞂 contents of ICOP; 🞂 identification of sign and symptoms associated with the illnesses commonly associated with poor IAQ; and 🞂 identification of poor ventilation conditions and signs of deterioration in the air-conditioned or mechanical ventilation system. 🞂 Training programme to be reviewed and conducted at least once in two years. 🞂 Training programme to be documented and kept for inspection. 55
Record keeping ⦿ All records shall be kept for not less than 5 years. ⦿ Assessment report shall be kept for not less than 30 years. ⦿ Records kept to include - ◾ complaint records; ◾ investigation reports; ◾ assessment reports including the results of indoor air contaminant measurement;and ◾ training records. 56
Qualifications, experience & training as a registered IAQ Assessor ⦿ a registered assessor or hygiene technician I under USECHH who has attended training in IAQ assessment conducted by recognised training providers and passed examination conducted by NIOSH; or ⦿ a person with at least a Diploma in pure or applied sciences and has 1 year experience in occupational hygiene and has attended training in IAQ assessment conducted by recognised training providers and passed examination conducted by NIOSH; or ⦿ any other person with equivalent IAQ competency as recognised by the relevant authority. 57
● IAQ plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy, comfortable, and productive workplace. Adhering to ICOP Malaysia’s IAQ standards ensures the safety and well-being of workers. ● Regularly monitor and improve IAQ in the workplace by following ICOP guidelines and best practices. Conclusion 58
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