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Health Scenario of India: Past, Present and Future

Comprehensive academic presentation on the Health Scenario of India: Past, Present and Future. The presentation explains India’s health transition from independence to the present and discusses future public health priorities up to Viksit Bharat 2047. Topics covered: Health conditions after independence (1947–1980) Communicable diseases in early India Public health achievements and health system reforms Present health profile and epidemiological transition Burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases Maternal and child health Nutrition and anemia Mental health scenario in India Future health challenges and opportunities Vision for a healthy India by 2047 Useful for MBBS, BPT, BSc Nursing, MPH, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Community Medicine, Public Health and Allied Health Sciences students, as well as seminar presentations, assignments, and competitive examinations. Prepared with updated public health concepts, national health indicators, and standard textbook references in a student-friendly format.

Healthcare◦
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Visión de la Salud Pública• Community Medicine•
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Health Scenario of India: Past, Present and Future Prepared by: Dr. Etika Rana BPT,MPT(NEUROLOGY) Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
Learning Objectives • Describe the health status of India in the past. • Explain the present health scenario using key indicators. • Identify major communicable and non-communicable health problems. • Discuss important government health programmes and reforms. • Analyze current health system challenges and inequalities. • Predict future trends in Indian healthcare up to 2047. • Understand the role of health professionals and students in improving national health outcomes.
India at a Glance: Population and Key Health Indicators • Key National Indicators Indicator Approximate Value Total population ~1.43 billion Life expectancy at birth ~70 years Infant mortality rate ~26 per 1,000 live births Maternal mortality ratio ~97 per 100,000 live births Total fertility rate ~2.0 children per woman Urban population ~36% Population aged ≥60 years ~11% Public health expenditure ~2% of GDP
What is Health? According to the World Health Organization (WHO): “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Health is therefore a multidimensional concept that includes physical fitness, psychological well-being, social functioning, and the ability to lead a productive life. Dimension Meaning Physical health Proper functioning of body systems Mental health Emotional balance, coping ability, and psychological well-being Social health Healthy relationships and participation in society Environmental health Safe water, sanitation, housing, and pollution control Occupational health Safety and well-being at the workplace
What is a Health Scenario? A health scenario refers to the overall health situation of a population at a particular time. It is assessed through health indicators, disease patterns, healthcare services, and social determinants. Major Components • Demographic profile • Morbidity and mortality • Nutritional status • Maternal and child health • Health infrastructure • Health workforce • Environmental conditions • Health financing and insurance
Determinants of Health Health is influenced by multiple interacting factors: • Biological factors • Age • Sex • Genetics • Lifestyle factors • Diet • Physical activity • Tobacco and alcohol use • Sleep and stress
• Social determinants • Education • Income • Occupation • Gender equality • Environmental factors • Air quality • Water quality • Sanitation • Climate • Health system factors • Availability of services • Accessibility • Affordability • Quality of care
Comparative Health Scenario of India: Past, Present and Future Dimension Past (1947–1980) Present (1980–2026) Future (2030–2047) Demographic profile High birth rate and high death rate; rapid population growth Declining fertility and mortality; demographic transition underway Aging population with increasing proportion of older adults Life expectancy ~32 years ~70 years Expected to exceed 75 years Infant mortality Very high (>140/1000 live births) Markedly reduced (~26/1000) Further reduction toward preventable minimum Maternal mortality Extremely high Substantially reduced (~97/100,000) Near-elimination of preventable maternal deaths Predominant diseases Communicable diseases Double burden: communicable + non- communicable diseases Predominantly chronic and age- related disorders
Dimension Past (1947–1980) Present (1980–2026) Future (2030–2047) Major communicable diseases Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, smallpox, plague, leprosy Tuberculosis, dengue, malaria (localized), HIV, hepatitis Emerging infections and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens Major non- communicable diseases Relatively low documented burden Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer Higher burden of multimorbidity and chronic disability Nutritional profile Widespread undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency Triple burden: undernutrition, anemia, obesity Focus on healthy nutrition and metabolic disease prevention Child health High childhood mortality and frequent epidemics Improved survival and immunization coverage Emphasis on early childhood development and quality of care Mental health Poor recognition and minimal services Increasing recognition; large treatment gap Integrated community and digital mental healthcare
Dimension Past (1947–1980) Present (1980–2026) Future (2030–2047) Mental health Poor recognition and minimal services Increasing recognition; large treatment gap Integrated community and digital mental healthcare Health infrastructure Limited hospitals and rural facilities Expanded PHCs, CHCs, district hospitals, medical colleges Technology-enabled, integrated, and resilient health system Primary healthcare Early stage development Established nationwide network Comprehensive family-centered primary care Public health approach Disease control and basic sanitation Preventive, promotive, and curative services Prevention-first and wellness- oriented model Immunization Limited coverage Universal Immunization Programme widely expanded Precision immunization and stronger surveillance systems Sanitation and water Poor sanitation and unsafe water Significant improvement through national programmes Universal safe water and sanitation expected Health workforce Severe shortage of trained personnel Expanded workforce but uneven distribution Multidisciplinary, digitally skilled workforce Health financing Minimal public spending; household dependence Increased public spending; substantial out-of-pocket expenditure remains Greater financial protection and universal health coverage orientation
Dimension Past (1947–1980) Present (1980–2026) Future (2030–2047) Technology in healthcare Minimal technology Electronic records, telemedicine, digital health initiatives AI, predictive analytics, remote monitoring, personalized care Rural–urban gap Very wide Persisting but reduced Goal of equitable access across regions Environmental health Infectious disease linked to poor sanitation Pollution and environmental health concerns increasing Climate-resilient health systems and environmental sustainability Occupational health Largely neglected Growing recognition of workplace hazards Stronger occupational safety and ergonomics Population priority Survival and control of epidemics Quality healthcare and chronic disease management Healthy aging and lifelong well-being Role of community Limited organized participation ASHA and community health programmes active Community-owned preventive health systems Health policy focus Basic healthcare and disease control Universal access and health system strengthening Healthy India / Viksit Bharat 2047 Overall health status High mortality, low survival, poor health indicators Improved survival with mixed disease burden Healthier, longer-living, prevention-oriented population
Health Scenario of India in the Past (1947– 1980) India at the Time of Independence: When India became independent in 1947, the country inherited a weak health system characterized by widespread poverty, poor sanitation, malnutrition, and a high burden of infectious diseases. Indicator / Condition Situation in the Early Post-Independence Period Life expectancy ~32 years Infant mortality rate Very high (>140 per 1,000 live births) Maternal mortality Extremely high Birth rate High Death rate High Safe drinking water Limited access Sanitation Poor Rural healthcare services Grossly inadequate Nutrition Widespread undernutrition
Predominant Health Problems • Communicable diseases • Malaria • Tuberculosis • Smallpox • Cholera • Plague • Leprosy • Diarrheal diseases • Nutritional deficiencies • Protein-energy malnutrition • Iron deficiency anemia • Vitamin A deficiency • Iodine deficiency disorders
Health Infrastructure During This Period • Very few hospitals and medical colleges. • Severe shortage of doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals. • Most villages lacked nearby health facilities. • Preventive and promotive health services were poorly developed. Social Determinants Affecting Health • Poverty • Illiteracy • Poor housing • Unsafe water • Open defecation • Food insecurity • These factors created a vicious cycle of disease, disability, and poverty.
Government Response After Independence India began building a public health system through: • Primary Health Centres (PHCs) • Community health services • Disease control programmes • Immunization initiatives • Maternal and child health services • This period laid the foundation of India’s modern health system.
1947–1980 was a period of high mortality, widespread infectious disease, poor nutrition, and limited healthcare access. The main public health priority was survival through disease control, sanitation, and basic healthcare services.
Major Communicable Diseases in India During the Early Post- Independence Period Epidemiological Profile (1947–1980) During the first three decades after independence, India was predominantly in the pre-transitional stage of epidemiological transition, characterized by a high prevalence of communicable diseases, recurrent epidemics, elevated mortality, and limited public health infrastructure. Infectious diseases accounted for a major proportion of outpatient visits, hospital admissions, disability, and premature deaths.
Major Communicable Diseases • 1. Malaria • Endemic in most parts of India. • Caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. • Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. • Manifestations: fever with chills and rigors, anemia, splenomegaly, cerebral malaria, and death in severe cases. • Major cause of morbidity and economic productivity loss. • 2. Tuberculosis • High prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • Transmission through airborne droplets. • Clinical features: chronic cough, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and cachexia. • Significant contributor to adult mortality.
• 3. Smallpox • Highly contagious viral disease caused by the Variola virus. • Produced fever followed by a characteristic vesiculo-pustular rash. • Frequently resulted in disfigurement, blindness, and death. • India played a major role in global eradication efforts. • 4. Cholera • Waterborne disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. • Associated with unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation. • Manifested as acute profuse watery diarrhea leading to severe dehydration, shock, and electrolyte imbalance. • Recurrent outbreaks occurred in many regions. • 5. Plague • Zoonotic infection caused by Yersinia pestis. • Transmitted by infected rat fleas. • Presented as bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic plague. • Periodic outbreaks created significant public fear and mortality.
• 6. Leprosy • Chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. • Affected skin and peripheral nerves. • Consequences included sensory loss, deformities, disability, and social stigma. • 7. Diarrheal Diseases • Major pathogens included enterotoxigenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. • Common in infants and young children. • Severe dehydration was a leading cause of under-five mortality. • 8. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases • Measles • Diphtheria • Pertussis (whooping cough) • Tetanus • Poliomyelitis • These diseases caused substantial childhood morbidity, disability, and mortality before widespread immunization.
Determinants of High Disease Burden • Overcrowded housing • Unsafe water supply • Open defecation • Poor waste disposal • Malnutrition • Low literacy and health awareness • Limited access to healthcare • Inadequate surveillance and laboratory facilities Public Health Consequences • High infant and child mortality. • Reduced life expectancy. • Chronic disability and loss of workforce productivity. • Increased household healthcare expenditure. • Intergenerational cycle of poverty and disease.
Public Health Response Initiated by India • National Malaria Control Programme (1953) • National Tuberculosis Programme • Smallpox Eradication Programme • Leprosy Control Programme • Expanded Programme on Immunization • Improvement of water supply and sanitation services • These programmes marked the beginning of organized disease control efforts in independent India.
Public Health Achievements After Independence Transformation of India’s Health Status Following independence, India adopted a public health-oriented approach emphasizing disease prevention, immunization, maternal and child health, sanitation, and primary healthcare. These interventions produced substantial improvements in survival and population health over the subsequent decades.
Expansion of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) 1950s onward Improved rural access to basic healthcare National Malaria Control Programme 1953 onward Marked reduction in malaria incidence and mortality National Tuberculosis Programme 1962 onward Organized TB diagnosis and treatment services Smallpox Eradication 1977 Elimination of smallpox from India Universal Immunization Programme 1985 onward Increased vaccine coverage and child survival Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) promotion 1970s onward Reduced diarrheal mortality Maternal and Child Health services 1960s onward Improved antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care Safe water and sanitation initiatives Progressive expansion Reduced waterborne disease transmission
Expansion of Primary Healthcare Key developments • Establishment of Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and sub-centres. • Deployment of multipurpose health workers. • Provision of preventive, promotive, and curative services at community level. • Outreach services for immunization, family welfare, and maternal-child health. Public health significance • Reduced geographical barriers to healthcare. • Improved early diagnosis and treatment. • Strengthened community-based health services. • Malaria Control: A Landmark Achievement • Indoor residual spraying with insecticides. • Vector surveillance and control measures. • Early diagnosis and treatment. • Health education and community participation. • Outcome • India witnessed a dramatic decline in malaria cases and deaths compared with the pre-independence period.
Smallpox Eradication Strategies used • Mass vaccination campaigns. • Active case detection. • Surveillance and containment. • Rapid outbreak response. Milestone • India reported its last indigenous case in 1977, contributing significantly to global eradication. Immunization and Child Survival • Vaccines introduced progressively • BCG • DPT • Oral polio vaccine • Measles vaccine • Tetanus toxoid • Impact • Decline in vaccine-preventable diseases. • Reduction in childhood morbidity and mortality. • Improvement in life expectancy.
Maternal and Child Health Improvements Services strengthened • Antenatal care • Institutional delivery promotion • Skilled birth attendance • Postnatal care • Growth monitoring • Nutrition supplementation Outcomes • Declining maternal mortality. • Declining infant mortality. • Improved child survival.
Broader Public Health Gains • Better disease surveillance. • Expansion of medical and nursing education. • Increased public awareness regarding hygiene and vaccination. • Strengthening of national health programmes. • Greater government commitment to health planning. Remaining Limitations Despite Progress • Rural–urban disparities persisted. • Malnutrition remained prevalent. • Sanitation coverage was incomplete. • Shortage of healthcare personnel continued in many regions.
Health System Reforms in India (1980–2005) Shift from Disease Control to Health System Strengthening The period 1980–2005 marked a major transition in Indian healthcare policy. Public health strategy evolved from predominantly vertical disease-control programmes toward a broader approach emphasizing primary healthcare, reproductive health, child survival, population stabilization, and health system strengthening.
Policy / Programme Year Major Objective National Health Policy 1983 Universal access to primary healthcare Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) 1985 Expanded childhood immunization Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme (CSSM) 1992 Reduce maternal and child mortality Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCH) 1997 Integrated reproductive and child health services National Population Policy 2000 Population stabilization and reproductive health National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 2005 Strengthen rural health infrastructure and services
National Health Policy, 1983 • Objectives • Achieve “Health for All” through primary healthcare. • Strengthen preventive and promotive health services. • Expand rural health infrastructure. • Increase community participation. • Key Contributions • Greater emphasis on primary healthcare. • Integration of health services at peripheral level. • Recognition of equity in health service delivery. Universal Immunization Programme (1985) • Vaccines included • BCG • Diphtheria–Pertussis–Tetanus (DPT) • Oral Polio Vaccine • Measles • Tetanus toxoid • Achievements • Significant increase in immunization coverage. • Reduction in vaccine-preventable diseases. • Strengthening of cold-chain systems and outreach services.
Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme (1992) • Focus Areas • Antenatal care • Skilled birth attendance • Emergency obstetric care • Neonatal care • Immunization • Management of childhood illnesses Public Health Impact • Improved maternal healthcare utilization. • Reduction in neonatal and infant mortality. • Promotion of safer childbirth practices.
Reproductive and Child Health Programme (1997) • Conceptual Change • Shift from target-oriented family planning to a client-centered reproductive health approach. • Components • Family planning counseling • Safe motherhood services • Prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infections • Adolescent reproductive health • Child health services • Significance • Introduced a rights-based reproductive health perspective into public health practice.
National Population Policy, 2000 • Goals • Achieve replacement-level fertility. • Improve reproductive health services. • Delay age at marriage. • Reduce infant and maternal mortality. • Increase contraceptive access and informed choice. • Importance • Linked population stabilization with women’s education, empowerment, and health. National Rural Health Mission (2005) • Rationale • Persistent rural health inequities, inadequate infrastructure, and shortage of health personnel. • Major Interventions • Strengthening Sub-centres, PHCs, and Community Health Centres. • Recruitment of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). • Untied funds for local health facilities. • Village Health and Sanitation Committees. • Mobile medical units and outreach services. • Expected Outcomes • Improved rural healthcare access. • Better maternal and child health indicators. • Enhanced community participation.
Structural Reforms During This Period • Infrastructure Expansion • More PHCs and Community Health Centres. • Increased district hospital capacity. • Expansion of medical and nursing education. • Human Resources • Training of multipurpose workers, ANMs, and ASHAs. • Increased emphasis on public health manpower. • Health Information Systems • Strengthening of disease surveillance and reporting systems. • Improved monitoring and evaluation.
Emerging Health Challenges Identified (Late 1990s–2005) • Rising hypertension and diabetes. • Cardiovascular diseases. • Cancers. • Mental health disorders. • Road traffic injuries. • Urban health problems. • This period recognized the beginning of India’s epidemiological transition toward non-communicable diseases.
• Major Achievements by 2005 • Increased institutional deliveries. • Expanded immunization coverage. • Improved maternal and child health service utilization. • Strengthened rural health infrastructure. • Greater community participation through ASHAs. • Continuing Constraints • Inadequate public health financing. • Rural–urban disparities. • Shortage of specialists in rural areas. • Variable quality of care across states. • Weak referral systems in many districts.
Between 1980 and 2005, India underwent substantial health system reform characterized by primary healthcare expansion, reproductive and child health integration, immunization strengthening, population policy reform, and the launch of the National Rural Health Mission. This period created the institutional foundation for contemporary public health and rural healthcare delivery in India.
Present Health Profile of India Indicator Approximate Recent Value Population ~1.43 billion Life expectancy at birth ~70 years Infant mortality rate ~26 per 1,000 live births Under-five mortality rate ~31 per 1,000 live births Maternal mortality ratio ~97 per 100,000 live births Total fertility rate ~2.0 children per woman Institutional deliveries >85% Full immunization coverage ~75–80% Population aged ≥60 years ~11%
Major Characteristics of the Present Health Profile • 1. Improved Survival • Life expectancy has more than doubled since independence. • Infant and maternal mortality have declined substantially. • Better access to immunization, obstetric care, antibiotics, and emergency services has contributed to these gains. • 2. Declining Fertility • Most states are near or below replacement-level fertility. • Family planning services and female education have played important roles. • 3. Population Aging • Increasing proportion of older adults. • Greater prevalence of chronic diseases, disability, frailty, and long-term care needs. • 4. Rapid Urbanization • Expansion of urban populations and peri-urban settlements. • Lifestyle changes associated with sedentary behavior and dietary transition.
Current Burden of Disease Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) • Major NCDs include: • Hypertension • Type 2 diabetes mellitus • Ischemic heart disease • Stroke • Chronic respiratory diseases • Cancers • NCDs account for the largest proportion of mortality and disability in India.
Communicable Diseases • Despite progress, important communicable diseases persist: • Tuberculosis • Dengue • Malaria (localized endemicity) • HIV/AIDS • Hepatitis • Acute respiratory and diarrheal infections Nutritional Profile • India currently experiences a triple burden of malnutrition: Nutritional Problem Current Concern Undernutrition Stunting, wasting, underweight Micronutrient deficiency Iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiencies Overnutrition Overweight and obesity
• Maternal and Child Health Status • Improvements • High institutional delivery rates. • Expanded antenatal care coverage. • Increased immunization uptake. • Better neonatal survival. • Remaining Challenges • Anemia in women and adolescents. • Low birth weight. • Childhood stunting and wasting. • Quality of antenatal and postnatal care.
• Mental Health Profile • Common conditions include: • Depression • Anxiety disorders • Substance use disorders • Suicide-related mental health problems • Challenges include: • Treatment gap • Stigma • Shortage of mental health professionals • Unequal service distribution
Environmental Health Concerns • Ambient air pollution • Household air pollution • Water contamination • Waste management issues • Climate-related heat stress • These contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity. Health Infrastructure • Strengths • Large network of public health facilities. • Rapid growth of private healthcare sector. • Expansion of medical colleges and allied health education. • Increasing availability of diagnostic services. Limitations • Unequal distribution of specialists. • Variable quality of care. • Overcrowding in tertiary hospitals. • Weak referral linkages in some regions.
Digital Health Transformation • Major developments include: • Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission • ABHA digital health IDs • Telemedicine services • Electronic health records • AI-assisted screening and diagnostics • Digital health is increasingly influencing service delivery, continuity of care, and health data management.
• Health Financing • Public health expenditure has increased but remains relatively modest. • Out-of-pocket expenditure continues to be substantial for many households. • Government insurance schemes have expanded financial protection. • Rural–Urban and Interstate Inequalities • Significant disparities persist in: • Healthcare access • Specialist availability • Maternal and child health indicators • Nutrition • Health outcomes • Better-performing states coexist with high-burden states, indicating uneven health development.
Emerging Public Health Priorities • Prevention and control of NCDs. • Geriatric healthcare. • Mental health integration. • Urban health services. • Climate-resilient health systems. • Rehabilitation and disability services. • Strengthening primary healthcare.
The present health profile of India is characterized by improved survival and reproductive health indicators, alongside a rapidly increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, mental health disorders, nutritional problems, environmental risks, and population aging. India’s current challenge is not merely controlling disease, but achieving equitable, preventive, and technology-enabled universal health coverage.
Future Health Challenges and Opportunities in India (2030–2047) • As India moves toward Viksit Bharat 2047, the health system will face a new set of demographic, epidemiological, environmental, and technological challenges. Future health planning must focus not only on disease treatment but also on prevention, healthy aging, and sustainable healthcare delivery.
Major Future Health Challenges • Population Aging • Rapid increase in people aged 60 years and above. • Higher prevalence of frailty, dementia, osteoporosis, stroke, and chronic diseases. • Greater need for geriatric medicine, rehabilitation, and long-term care. • Rising Non-Communicable Diseases • Expected increase in: • Diabetes mellitus • Hypertension • Ischemic heart disease • Stroke • Cancer • Chronic kidney disease • These conditions will increase healthcare expenditure and disability burden.
• Mental Health Burden • Depression, anxiety, stress disorders, and dementia are expected to rise. • Urbanization, social isolation, and occupational stress may worsen psychological morbidity. • Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) • Drug-resistant tuberculosis and resistant bacterial infections are emerging major threats. • Irrational antibiotic use can compromise future treatment effectiveness. • Climate Change and Health • Heat waves • Floods and droughts • Vector-borne disease expansion • Food and water insecurity • Climate-related displacement
Challenge Expected Impact Aging population Increased chronic disease and disability NCD epidemic Higher mortality and healthcare costs Mental disorders Increased disability and treatment demand AMR Difficult-to-treat infections Climate change Environmental and infectious disease risks Urbanization Lifestyle disorders and pollution exposure
• Opportunities for a Healthier India • Preventive Healthcare • Lifestyle modification • Tobacco and alcohol control • Healthy diet promotion • Physical activity • Early screening programmes • Strengthening Primary Healthcare • Family-centered care • Continuity of care • Community health services • Early detection of chronic diseases • Technological Innovations • Telemedicine • Artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostics • Wearable monitoring devices • Electronic health records • Home-based digital care
• Human Resource Development • Expansion of medical, nursing, physiotherapy, and public health workforce. • Training in geriatric care, rehabilitation, and digital health. • Vision for Viksit Bharat 2047 • Desired Health Outcomes • Life expectancy above 75 years. • Reduced premature mortality from NCDs. • Elimination of preventable maternal and child deaths. • Universal access to quality primary healthcare. • Improved nutrition across all age groups. • Better mental health services. • Reduced health inequalities between states and communities.
Strategic Priorities for the Future • Prevention-first healthcare model • Universal Health Coverage • Healthy aging and geriatric care • Integrated mental health services • Climate-resilient health systems • Strengthened disease surveillance • Rehabilitation and disability care • Health promotion across the life course
Role of Future Health Professionals • Students and healthcare professionals will need competencies in: • Preventive medicine • Community health • Rehabilitation • Geriatric care • Mental health support • Evidence-based practice • Digital health technologies • Interdisciplinary teamwork
The future health scenario of India will be shaped by aging, chronic diseases, mental health needs, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change. India’s greatest opportunity lies in building a preventive, equitable, technology-enabled, and people-centered health system that supports healthy living across the entire life course and achieves the vision of a healthier Viksit Bharat by 2047.
Vision for a Healthy India and Conclusion • Vision for a Healthy India (Viksit Bharat 2047) India’s future health vision is to create a nation in which every citizen can attain the highest possible standard of physical, mental, and social well-being through equitable, accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare. • Key Goals for 2047 • Increase healthy life expectancy. • Reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases. • Eliminate preventable maternal and child deaths. • Achieve optimal nutrition across all age groups. • Strengthen mental health and well-being. • Ensure universal access to primary healthcare. • Reduce rural–urban and interstate health disparities. • Build climate-resilient and emergency-prepared health systems.
References • Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 27th ed. Jabalpur: Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers; 2023. • Suryakantha AH. Community Medicine with Recent Advances. 6th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2022. • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National Health Policy 2017. New Delhi: MoHFW; 2017. • International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019–21: India Report. Mumbai: IIPS; 2021. • Registrar General of India. Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2023. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General; 2024. • World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2025. Geneva: WHO; 2025. • NITI Aayog. Healthy States, Progressive India Report. New Delhi: NITI Aayog; 2024. • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Annual Report. New Delhi: MoHFW; 2025. • India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators. The burden of disease in India and its states. Lancet. 2023. • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2024. New York: United Nations; 2024. • World Bank. World Development Indicators: India. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2025. • Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. India in Figures 2025. New Delhi: MOSPI; 2025.
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