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Data Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation of Data

The document defines and describes various types of data analysis techniques: - Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data through methods like frequency distributions and descriptive graphs. - Bivariate analysis examines the relationship between two variables. - Multivariate analysis studies more than two variables simultaneously. - Comparative analysis examines similarities and differences between alternatives. - Evaluation assesses subjects using defined criteria to aid decision making.

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Types of Data Analysis
  simplest form of quantitative (statistical) analysis carried out with the description of a single variable in terms of the applicable unit of analysis
  basic way of presenting is to create a frequency distribution of the individual cases, which involves presenting the number of cases in the sample that fall into each category of values of the variable can be done in a table format or with a bar chart or a similar form of graphical representation
   involves two variables, deals with causes or relationships major purpose is to explain one of the simplest forms of the quantitative (statistical) analysis
  involves the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them In order to see if the variables are related to one another, it is common to measure how those two variables simultaneously change together.
 based on the statistical principle of multivariate statistics, which involves observation and analysis of more than one statistical outcome variable at a time
 In design and analysis, the technique is used to perform trade studies across multiple dimensions while taking into account the effects of all variables on the responses of interest.
   Design for capability (also known as capability-based design) Inverse design, where any variable can be treated as an independent variable Analysis of Alternatives (AoA), the selection of concepts to fulfill a customer need
  Analysis of concepts with respect to changing scenarios Identification of critical design drivers and correlations across hierarchical levels.
 you can use a selection of criteria to analyze which variants have already reached or been set to a specific status, or for which objects the status is used
 aims at finding out not only how things are, but above all how they should be, which means that it will be necessary to define the subjective point of view that shall be used, in other words to select the people who shall evaluate the proposals which aim at improving the object of study
  discipline of quantitatively describing the main features of a collection of data, or the quantitative description itself Descriptive statistics are distinguished frominferential statistics (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent
 For example in a paper reporting on a study involving human subjects, there typically appears a table giving the overall sample size, sample sizes in important subgroups (e.g., for each treatment or exposure group), and demographic or clinical characteristics such as the average age, the proportion of subjects of each sex, and the proportion of subjects with related comorbidities
  a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards can assist an organization, program, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realisable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed
  enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change often used to characterize and appraise subjects of interest in a wide range of human enterprises, including the arts, criminal justice, foundations, non-profit organizations, government, health care, and other human services
 Classification refers to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
  the item-by-item comparison of two or more comparable alternatives, processes, products, qualificatio ns, sets of data, systems, or the like In accounting, for example, changes in a financial statement's items over several accounting periods may be presented together to detect the emerging trends in the company's operations and results.
 Side by side examination of two or more alternatives, processes, products, qualificatio ns, sets of data, systems, etc., to determine if they have enough commonground, equivalence, or similarities to permit a meaningful comparative analysis
 For example, financial data of two firms from very different industries may be comparable if they use similar performance measures, follow similar accounting methods, policies, and procedures, and disclo se their financial information to the similar extent. A very high degree of comparability may indicate uniformity.
 arranges data in an ordered format, such as lowest to highest  can also use a stem and leaf plot for presentation  the researched data is presented to others in a paragraph form  could be hard for people to understand without a visual aid
  data is presented in a chart or table format statistics may be shown across several rows and columns, presenting data with certain parameters in a fashion that can be looked over and compared
  data is arranged in rows and columns by month or segment, which is used to show what particular day correlates to the day of the month or number unit of the monthly segment calendar can be considered one of the simplest types of tabular data presentation
 visual display of data and statistical results  visual display of data and statistical results  basically summarizes how one quantity changes if another quantity that is related to it also changes
 show and compare changes  show and compare relationships  bring facts to life
 Attractive and Effective presentation of Data  Simple and Understandable Presentation of Data  Useful in Comparison  Useful for Interpretation  Remembrance for long period
 Helpful in Predictions  Universal utility  Information as well as Entertainment  Helpful in Transmission of Information  No Need for training
  uses vertical or horizontal bars to represent numerical data. bar graph compares amounts in a single time period.
 graph that uses pairs of bars to compare information
 A graph used to show changes over a period of time
 graph that uses pairs of lines to compare information
 circular graph that separates each category into a piece of the whole