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Geography Grade 11 - Term 3 revision - Development Geography.pptx

Development Geography - Grade 11 Geography (CAPS) – Term 3 - (From the FOCUS Grade 11 Geography Textbook - pages 176-235) A complete, curriculum-aligned presentation covering Topic 4: Development Geography for CAPS Grade 11 Geography, Term 3. Designed for teachers, pre-service educators, and learners, this resource walks through all 17 subtopics of the development geography syllabus in the order prescribed by CAPS — from foundational terminology through to the impact of foreign aid. Topics covered: Terminology associated with development The concept of development Indicators of development (economic, social, demographic) Examples of development from local, regional and global contexts Factors affecting development Development models (Rostow's Free Market model, Core-Periphery model, Sustainability models) Community-based development International trade and world markets Types of trading relationships (free trade, protectionism, subsidies, Fairtrade) Globalisation and development Export-led development, including a case study on China Women and development, including the Gender Inequality Index Development and the environment, including carbon emissions and Environmental Impact Assessments The role of the state and business in development in South Africa Development aid and development co-operation Types of development aid (bilateral, multilateral, humanitarian, conditional) Impact of aid on development The presentation draws on real case studies (Anna Phosa, SADC, China's export-led growth, Kumba Iron Ore, Keboes Fruit Farms, LifeStraw Kenya, King Shaka International Airport, the Industrial Development Corporation) and key development models and diagrams (Rostow's stages of development, the Core-Periphery model, the multiplier effect, and sustainable development frameworks) to make abstract development concepts concrete and exam-relevant. Ideal for Grade 11 Geography learners preparing for tests and exams, teachers building lesson content, and student teachers completing Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) placements in South African schools. A full CAPS-aligned Grade 11 Geography (Term 3) presentation on Development Geography, covering development indicators, models, trade, globalisation, gender, the environment, and aid, with real South African and global case studies. Built for teaching, revision and exam prep.

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Grade 11 Term 3 Revision Development Geography FOCUS Textbook – Pages 176-235 Presented by: Mr. Ismail
CHAPTER 1 The Concept of Development Units 1–4 | Terminology · Core Concepts · Indicators · Scale Unit 1 Terminology Unit 2 Core Concepts Unit 3 Indicators Unit 4 Scale
Unit 1: Terminology Associated with Development • Geographers classify countries by their level of economic and human development • Generalisations are unavoidable — but stereotyping is dangerous • Many terms exist; developed and developing are the most neutral and acceptable
Terms for Developed vs Developing Countries Developed Countries • Rich world, first world, industrialised • MEDCs, the North • High HDI (0,8+) Developing Countries • Poor world, third world, non-industrial • LEDCs, the South • Low HDI (0,5 and less)
Development and Industrialisation Developed Nations Highly industrialised: Japan, USA, Germany Developing Nations Rapidly industrialising: South Africa, Brazil, India Geo Fact: The G8 — France, Germany, Italy, Japan, USA, UK, Canada, Russia — are the world's most industrialised nations
The World by Income (GNI/capita) Low Income Less than US$995/person/year Lower Middle $996–$3 945/person/year Upper Middle $3 946–$12 195/person/year High Income More than $12 196/person/year Geo Fact: 70% of the world's 1,4 billion extremely poor people live in rural areas
The North–South Divide The Brandt Report (1980) • Divided the world into the wealthy North and the less-wealthy South • The North–South line has less validity today, but is still widely referenced
Key Terms: Unit 1 GNI Gross National Income — total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year, including foreign earnings GNI/capita GNI divided by the country's population — the average income per person MEDCs More Economically Developed Countries LEDCs Less Economically Developed Countries HDI Human Development Index
Unit 2: The Concept of Development Development means different things to different people. Four core concepts define how we understand it: 1 Economic 2 Social 3 Sustainable 4 Appropriate
Four Core Concepts of Development Economic Faster industrialisation, increased production, more trade and profits Social Human rights, rule of law, democracy, justice and equality Sustainable Balancing economic, social and environmental objectives for present and future generations Appropriate Meeting basic needs — electricity, water, housing, sanitation, schools, clinics
Is This Development? Construction cranes vs informal settlements — both can exist in the same country Geo Fact: 828 million people worldwide live in slums with no access to safe drinking water or toilets
Sustainable Development in South Africa's Bill of Rights • Every South African has the right to an environment not harmful to their health or well-being • The state must prevent pollution, promote conservation, and secure ecologically sustainable development • Resources must be managed to benefit present and future generations
Key Terms: Unit 2 Development Use of resources and technology to improve quality of life and standard of living Infrastructure Road, rail, air links, utilities and services (water, electricity, sanitation) Sanitation Clean sewage system and safe water Basic needs Food, clothing and shelter Sustainable development Balances economic, social and environmental objectives without compromising future generations Foreign exchange Income earned by selling goods to other countries
Unit 3: Indicators of Development Development is hard to measure exactly — geographers use a 'basket' of indicators across three categories: Economic Indicators GNP/GNI, GDP, HDI, Gini coefficient Social Indicators Literacy, urban population, access to services Demographic Indicators Birth rate, death rate, IMR, life expectancy
Economic Indicators GNP/GNI Total value of all goods and services produced, including foreign earnings GDP Total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year GDP/capita GDP divided by population — average income per person HDI Combines life expectancy, education and GDP/capita; world average = 0,624 Gini coefficient 0 = total equality · 1 = total inequality
Gini Coefficient: Who Shares Wealth? Greatest Inequality • Namibia: 0,74 • Sierra Leone: 0,62 • Haiti: 0,59 Most Equal • Denmark: 0,24 • Japan: 0,24 • Australia: 0,35 South Africa: 0,57 — one of the most unequal countries in the world
Social and Demographic Indicators Social Indicators • % urban population • Literacy levels • Access to water, electricity, healthcare • Food and nutrition Demographic Indicators • Birth rate & death rate • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) • Life expectancy • Maternal mortality rate • Population growth rate & fertility rate
HDI: Top and Bottom Countries 🏆 Top 5 HDI 1. Norway 2. Australia 3. New Zealand 4. USA 5. Ireland 📉 Bottom 5 HDI 1. Zimbabwe 2. DRC 3. Niger 4. Burundi 5. Mozambique South Africa ranked 110 out of 169 countries — HDI = 0,60
Case Study: Comparing 8 Countries Countries compared: Australia, Brazil, Japan, Kenya, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, USA Indicators: GDP, HDI, Gini, birth/death rate, life expectancy, IMR, literacy, doctors per 10 000, % undernourished Kenya HDI 0,47 · Life expectancy 59 · IMR 53,5 · 31% undernourished Australia HDI 0,94 · Life expectancy 82 · IMR 4,7 · 5% undernourished
Key Terms: Unit 3 GNI Gross National Income — total value of goods and services including foreign earnings GDP Gross Domestic Product — total value of goods and services produced within a country HDI Human Development Index — combines life expectancy, education and GDP/capita Gini coefficient Measures income inequality (0 = equal; 1 = unequal) IMR Infant Mortality Rate — number of infant deaths per 1 000 live births
Unit 4: Development at Different Scales Development can be studied at any scale — from an individual to the entire globe. The same core ideas (economic, social, sustainable, appropriate) apply at every scale. Individual Community Settlement Country Region The same core ideas apply at every level — what changes is the scope, resources and actors involved.
Local Scale: Anna Phosa LOCAL DEVELOPMENT From R1 000 to Millions • Started with R1 000 and four piglets in Gauteng • Grew to a multimillion-rand, 2 000-pig commercial farm • Supported by the Danish Embassy's Business to Business programme • Named Gauteng Female Farmer of the Year
Regional Scale: SADC REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Southern African Development Community • 15 member states | Combined population: 257,7 million • Combined GDP: US$471 billion • Headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana • Objectives: poverty alleviation, self-sustaining development, regional integration • Key project: Groundwater and Drought Management Programme
Global Scale: The Millennium Development Goals Eight goals agreed by the United Nations in 2000, target date 2015: 01 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 02 Universal primary education; gender equality 03 Reduce child mortality; improve maternal health 04 Combat HIV/AIDS and malaria 05 Ensure environmental sustainability 06 Global partnership for development Geo Fact: Malaria kills a child every 45 seconds — 90% of deaths occur in Africa
Chapter 1 Recap: The Concept of Development Terminology Developed vs developing; MEDCs vs LEDCs; North vs South Concept Economic, social, sustainable and appropriate development Indicators Economic (GNI, GDP, HDI, Gini), social (literacy, services), demographic (birth/death rate, IMR, life expectancy) Scale Local (Anna Phosa), regional (SADC), global (MDGs)
CHAPTER 2 Frameworks for Development Units 5–7 | Factors · Models · Community Development Unit 5 Factors Affecting Development Unit 6 Development Models Unit 7 Community-Based Development
Unit 5: Factors Affecting Development Development happens within a web of interacting factors, not in isolation. Eight key factors influence a country's level of development. 1 Access to resources 2 Energy 3 History 4 Trade imbalances
The Eight Factors: Part 1 1. Access to Resources Countries with abundant natural resources can generate more wealth 2. Energy SA's electricity blackouts directly affect gold mining output and economic growth 3. History Colonial past shapes current development — India was a British colony until 1947 4. Trade Imbalances Countries that export more than they import earn more foreign exchange
The Eight Factors: Part 2 5. Population Growth Rapid growth can outpace economic development and strain resources 6. Education and Training A skilled workforce attracts investment and drives innovation 7. Natural Resource Limitations Landlocked countries or those with poor soils face extra challenges 8. Environmental Degradation Pollution, deforestation and land degradation reduce productivity Geo Fact: 1,5 billion people live in areas affected by political conflict and violence
Case Study: India — All 8 Factors in One Place CASE STUDY: INDIA 1.17B Population 0.52 HDI 61% Literacy $3,400 GDP/capita One of the world's oldest civilisations; British colony from the 1800s; independent since 1947. All eight factors visible in a single Delhi street scene.
Key Terms: Unit 5 Colony A country under the political control of another country Natural Resources Materials found in nature used by people (e.g. minerals, water, soil) Degradation The process of something being damaged or made worse EIA Environmental Impact Assessment — a study to identify and manage the environmental effects of a development project before it begins
Unit 6: Development Models A model is a simplified representation of reality used to explain how a process works. Models are not reality — they can and should be criticised. Rostow's Model 5 stages of economic growth (1960) Core-Periphery Model Friedmann (1966) Sustainability Models Economy + Society + Environment
Rostow's Free Market Model (1960) Five Stages Based on Western European experience; assumes capitalism and industrialisation are the ideal path 01 Traditional Society 02 Preconditions for Take-off 03 Take-off 04 Drive to Maturity 05 High Mass Consumption
Criticisms of Rostow's Model Too narrow Based only on West European countries — not universally applicable Assumes capitalism Not every country follows capitalism or industrialisation as the 'ideal' path Doesn't fit all Many countries remain stuck at Stage 1 despite time and investment Economic focus only Focuses on economic growth only — ignores social development
The Core-Periphery Model (Friedmann, 1966) Core • Capital city, chief port, major industries • Most services and investment Periphery • Fewer jobs and services • Less investment Development spreads outward from the core into the periphery over time. Works at multiple scales: city, country, or region.
Core-Periphery: South Africa Dominant Core Gauteng (Johannesburg/Pretoria) Secondary Cores • Cape Town • Durban/Pietermaritzburg • Bloemfontein/Kimberley • Nelspruit/Polokwane Inner and outer peripheries surround each core — wealth decreases with distance
Sustainability Models Sustainable development balances economy, society and environment. Three diagram styles represent the same idea: concentric circles, triangle/pyramid, and Venn diagram — all are valid tools, not fixed truths.
Key Terms: Unit 6 Model A simplified representation of reality used to explain a process Modernisation The process of adapting to modern needs and habits Capitalism An economic system based on private ownership and free markets Tertiary Sector The service sector of an economy (e.g. banking, education, retail)
Unit 7: Community-Based Development Top-Down Development Imposed by government or agencies — often fails because it doesn't suit the community's actual needs Bottom-Up Development Decided together with the community — usually more successful because the community is part of the process
Five Capitals of Sustainable Rural Livelihood 🌿 Natural Soil, water and natural resources 🤝 Social Community groups, co-operatives, extended family 🎓 Human Skills, education, knowledge, labour 🔧 Physical Transport, shelter, energy, farming equipment 💰 Financial Savings, credit, loans, pensions
Urban Community-Based Development Pressures on Urban Communities • Housing shortages • Unemployment • Strain on infrastructure • Environmental damage Community Solutions Vegetable Gardens Recycling Projects Child-Care Facilities Craft Centres Geo Fact: South Africa has more than 30 000 waste pickers, many of them women
Case Study: LifeStraw Water Filters — Kenya • Each LifeStraw filter treats 18 000 litres — enough for a family for three years • Distributed free to 900 000 homes and 4,3 million people in Kenya • Diarrhoea is Kenya's second-biggest killer after malaria — greater impact on children than HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria combined • 1,2 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water; 60% in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia
Chapter 2 Recap: Frameworks for Development Factors 8 interacting factors — resources, energy, history, trade, population, education, resource limits, environment Models Rostow (5 stages), Core- Periphery (Friedmann), Sustainability (economy + society + environment) Community Development Top-down vs bottom-up; 5 capitals of rural livelihood; LifeStraw (Kenya)
CHAPTER 3 Trade and Development Units 8–11 | International Trade · Trading Relationships · Globalisation · Export-Led Development
Unit 8: International Trade and World Markets • International trade = exchange of goods between countries across borders • Oldest form of trade: barter (exchanging goods without money) • Developing countries export raw materials/manufactured goods to MEDC markets • In return, they import manufactured products/commodities
World's Most-Traded Commodities Top 10 Traded Commodities 1. Crude oil 2. Coffee 3. Natural gas 4. Gold 5. Brent oil 6. Silver 7. Sugar 8. Corn 9. Wheat 10. Cotton South Africa ranks 36th in world trade — roughly 0,5% of world total
Top 10 World Trading Nations China and the USA lead in all three categories: total trade, imports and exports. South Africa: 36th in trading, 33rd in importing, 36th in exporting.
Key Terms: Unit 8 Commodities Raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold Barter Exchanging goods or services without using money Export Goods sold to another country Import Goods bought from another country Raw Materials Natural substances used to manufacture goods
Unit 9: Types of Trading Relationships Free Trade Trade without government interference; prices set by supply and demand EU European Union — as a single market, the largest economy in the world NAFTA Canada, USA, Mexico ASEAN/AFTA 10 South-East Asian countries Geo Fact: The EU, as a single market, is the largest economy in the world
Trade Barriers and Protectionism Tariffs Taxes on imported goods to make them more expensive Quotas Limits on the quantity of goods that can be imported Sanctions Restrictions used to protect local jobs, products and industries Subsidies Financial assistance paid to businesses to support them and reduce imports Geo Fact: The USA's trade embargo on Cuba (since 1960) is the longest- running trade barrier in modern history
Fairtrade A trading partnership that pays farmers/producers better prices and ensures better working conditions. Profits are shared more fairly with producers. Fairtrade Products • Coffee · Cocoa · Sugar · Tea • Bananas · Cotton · Handicrafts
Cocoa Price Volatility • World cocoa price fluctuated from ~$100/kg (2000) to over $300/kg (2009) then crashed to ~$150/kg (2010) • Price volatility makes it difficult for developing-country farmers to plan and invest • Fairtrade guarantees a minimum price to protect farmers from market swings
Case Study: Keboes Fruit Farms, Northern Cape CASE STUDY: FAIRTRADE SA • Owner: Mr Piet Karsten | Location: Orange River, Northern Cape • 1 000 ha farm | 800 permanent workers | 2 500 seasonal workers • Farm jointly owned by Karsten, a Black Empowerment Company and the Workers' Trust • Combines irrigation, export, worker share-ownership and fair-trade pricing
Key Terms: Unit 9 Trade Bloc A group of countries that have agreed to reduce trade barriers between them Tariff A tax on imported goods Protectionism Using trade barriers to protect local industries from foreign competition Sweatshop A factory with very poor working conditions and very low pay Plantation A large farm where a single crop is grown for export
Unit 10: Globalisation and Development Globalisation = the world becoming more interconnected — a 'global village' Seven Dimensions • Trade · Communication · Global governance • Open borders · MNCs · Economic growth · Migration
Seven Dimensions of Globalisation Trade Liberalisation via the WTO Communication Internet, mobile phones, satellite TV
Who Wins, Who Loses? Globalisation's Unequal Impact 920M People below poverty line Half the number from 1990 40% Live in poorest countries Yet hold less than 3% of world trade 75% World trade controlled by just 16% of the world's population
Criticisms of Globalisation Cultural loss Loss of family ties and cultural uniformity Unemployment Worsening unemployment and living conditions during financial crises Unfair trade Trade still controlled by quotas, tariffs and subsidies favouring wealthy countries Environmental damage Worsened environmental and ecological damage Disease spread Faster spread of diseases (HIV/AIDS, SARS) Concentrated investment Over 80% of direct investment concentrated in just 10 countries
Key Terms: Unit 10 Globalisation The process by which the world becomes increasingly interconnected Liberalisation of Trade Reducing barriers to allow freer international trade MNCs Multinational/Transnational Corporations — companies that operate in more than one country SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — an example of a disease spread by globalisation
Unit 11: Export-Led Development A country uses its exports to earn income, which is then invested in development. LEDC Exports Goods Sold to MEDC Markets Earns Export Income Invests in Development
How to Raise Standards of Living Develop Agriculture More productive farming more → exports increased income → Develop Industry Manufacturing growth more → exports improved living → standards Both paths also create winners and losers — e.g. farming efficiency gains can cause job losses
Myrdal's Multiplier Effect A new or expanding export industry triggers a self-reinforcing growth cycle: 01 More jobs more purchasing power → 02 Better-trained labour more demand for services → 03 In-migration more tax income → 04 New construction area becomes a 'growth pole' →
Case Study: China's Export-Led Development • Exports grew from $84,5 billion (1992) to $1,2 trillion (2011) • Urban count grew from 193 cities (1979) to 668 cities (1997) Old China (pre-1980) Communist, state-controlled, economically isolated — industrial output up but people still poor New China (post-1980) Capitalism embraced; world's largest exporter and second-largest trading nation by 2011
China's Export Growth China ranked 32nd among world trading nations in 1978; 2nd largest by 2011. Challenges Ahead • Absorbing agricultural-to-industrial labour surplus • Sourcing raw materials • Managing environmental costs • Spreading growth benefits evenly
Key Terms: Unit 11 Communism A political and economic system where the state owns all property and controls the economy Socialism An economic system where the state owns key industries and redistributes wealth Peasantry Small-scale farmers who produce mainly for their own use
Chapter 3 Recap: Trade and Development International Trade Developing countries export raw materials; import manufactured goods Trading Relationships Free trade, protectionism, subsidies, Fairtrade Globalisation 7 dimensions; winners and losers; 16% of people control 75% of world trade Export-Led Development Myrdal's multiplier effect; China's rise from 32nd to 2nd largest trading nation
CHAPTER 4 Development Issues and Challenges Units 12–14 | Women · Environment · State and Business Unit 12 Women and Development Unit 13 Development and the Environment Unit 14 Role of State and Business in SA
Unit 12: Women and Development Gender is a social, economic and cultural concept — not simply male/female. Three Lenses • Social: equal access to education and healthcare • Economic: equal pay, property rights • Cultural: expected tasks, freedom to travel Geo Fact: Women and girls represent 70% of the world's poor, produce 50% of the world's food, yet earn only 10% of the world's income
Gender Inequality Index (GII) 0.635 SA's GII Score Ranked 82nd in the world 60% Women in SA's informal sector 30% SA households headed by women 3% SA large companies with female CEOs Global average: 8% The GII adjusts the HDI to account for inequalities between men and women.
Women's Work: The Hidden Burden Women's Share of Household Tasks 95% Feeding the family 90% Fuel and water collecting 80% Storing and transporting food Most of this work is unpaid and unrecognised in economic statistics.
Women as Food Producers 80% Food produced by women in sub-Saharan Africa 50% Food produced by women in Asia 45% Food produced by women in the Caribbean 25% Food produced by women in Latin America Despite this, women have less access to land, credit and agricultural training.
Women and HIV/AIDS Higher infection risk Young rural women in sub-Saharan Africa are 4–6 times more likely to be infected with HIV than young men Pregnancy and HIV 29% of pregnant women in South Africa are HIV-positive Education excluded Girls are often excluded from higher education, reducing future earning potential "Freedom cannot be achieved unless women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression." — Nelson Mandela
Case Study: Wangari Maathai — Kenya's Green Belt Movement NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER • First African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize • Founded Kenya's Green Belt Movement — over 50 million trees planted • Empowered rural women through environmental conservation and community development • Showed that women can drive large-scale sustainable development
Key Terms: Unit 12 Gender The social, economic and cultural roles and expectations associated with being male or female GII Gender Inequality Index — measures gender-based inequalities in health, empowerment and labour Informal Sector Economic activity not regulated or taxed by the government Permaculture A system of agricultural and social design that mimics natural ecosystems
Unit 13: Development and the Environment Development's double-edge: it can raise living standards, but has historically damaged the natural environment. Four Categories of Damage ️ 🌫️Air 🌍 Land 🌊 River 🌊 Sea
Environmental Damage from Development Air Global warming, ozone depletion, air pollution from industry and vehicles Land Deforestation, land degradation, opencast mining, landfill, farm erosion from fertilisers/pesticides River River pollution, wetlands threatened by development Sea Marine pollution, thermal/nuclear pollution, overfishing, coral reef damage, oil rig accidents
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Mitigate Outcomes Evaluate Significance Predict Impacts Identify Effects A formal tool used to identify, predict, evaluate and mitigate a project's social and environmental effects before it goes ahead. Legislation can stop or force modification of a project if the impact is too negative — balancing development benefits against environmental costs.
Case Study: King Shaka International Airport, Durban EIA concluded in 2007; airport opened in 2010 Public support was divided over its environmental impact ✅ Positives Job creation, increased tourism, stimulated local economy via multiplier effect ❌ Negatives Vegetation clearing, disturbed ecosystems, increased runoff, noise and air pollution, fuel leaks, water pollution from de-icing
Carbon Emissions and Development • A country's level of development and its carbon footprint tend to move together • Coal-burning power stations supply 93% of South Africa's electricity • Per-capita emissions and total emissions rankings differ greatly — population size matters
Key Terms: Unit 13 EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) A study to identify and manage the environmental effects of a development project Carbon Emissions Greenhouse gases (mainly CO₂) released by burning fossil fuels Carbon Footprint The total amount of greenhouse gases produced by an individual, organisation or country
Unit 14: The Role of the State and Business in Development in South Africa ️ 🏛️State Central government, provinces and departments — usually large- scale, long-term, high-cost projects 🏢 Private Business Projects ranging from small local efforts to national development initiatives
South Africa's New Growth Path (NGP) 5M Jobs targeted by 2020 15% Unemployment target Down from 25% R20B Government job-creation allocation Focus Areas • Infrastructure · Agriculture · Mining · Manufacturing · Green economy · Tourism • Requires 4–7% annual economic growth
Why Development Projects Fail Lack of Appropriate Planning Projects don't match community needs Corruption and Tender Irregularities Bribery and illegal payments divert funds Lack of Ongoing Support Projects collapse after launch without monitoring and maintenance "Development depends on good governance." — Barack Obama
Case Study: Kumba Iron Ore — Private-Led Development PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT R134M Spent on community development In 2010 alone Concrete outcome: Skeifontein Hydroponic Vegetable Farming Project, Northern Cape Shows how private business can drive meaningful community development
Case Study: IDC — Public- Private Partnership • Industrial Development Corporation (IDC): a state-owned development finance agency • Gro-E scheme: a R10 billion fund aimed at job creation • Supported project: The Solar Academy of Sub-Saharan Africa • South Africa's National Development Plan sets development priorities up to 2030: job creation, poverty reduction, improved education
Key Terms: Unit 14 Green Economy Economic activity that reduces environmental risks and ecological scarcities Tender A formal offer to supply goods or services at a stated price Food Security Having reliable access to sufficient, affordable and nutritious food Beneficiation Adding value to raw materials before exporting them RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme — South Africa's post-apartheid development framework
Chapter 4 Recap: Development Issues and Challenges Women 70% of the world's poor; produce 50% of food; earn only 10% of income; Wangari Maathai — 50 million trees Environment EIA balances development vs damage; King Shaka Airport case study; SA's electricity is 93% coal State and Business in SA NGP (5 million jobs by 2020); Kumba Iron Ore (R134m); IDC Gro-E (R10bn)
CHAPTER 5 Role of Development Aid Units 15–17 | Aid Concepts · Types of Aid · Impact of Aid Unit 15 Aid and Co-operation Unit 16 Types of Aid Unit 17 Impact of Aid
Unit 15: Development Aid and Development Co-operation What is Aid? Help given by one country or organisation to another — money, food, medicine, technology Development Co-operation A form of aid built on genuine partnership, intended to benefit both donor and recipient UN Benchmark: Wealthy countries should donate at least 0,7% of their annual GNI to foreign aid
Top 10 Foreign Aid Donors USA · UK · France · Germany · Japan · Netherlands · Spain · Canada · Norway · Sweden 🏆 Norway: 1,0% Meets the UN's 0,7%-of-GNI target 🏆 Sweden: 0,97% Meets the UN's 0,7%-of-GNI target The EU as a Bloc World's largest foreign aid donor — roughly 60% of all global aid
Top 10 Foreign Aid Recipients Afghanistan · Ethiopia · Vietnam · West Bank/Gaza · Tanzania · Iraq · Pakistan · India · Ivory Coast · DRC • All are low-HDI countries in the global South • The North–South pattern is clear when all 20 donor and recipient countries are mapped "There is enough in the world for everybody's need, but not enough for everybody's greed." — Mahatma Gandhi
Key Terms: Unit 15 Aid Help or assistance given by one country or organisation to another Development Co- operation A partnership approach to aid that aims to benefit both donor and recipient GNI Gross National Income — used to calculate a country's aid contribution as a percentage
Unit 16: Types of Development Aid Bilateral Government to government — accounts for 80–85% of all aid Multilateral From international organisations (UN, World Bank, IMF) NGOs e.g. Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders Private Banks & Investors MNCs such as Apple, Sony, IBM Disaster Relief Emergency response to crises
Three Types: Technical, Conditional and Humanitarian Aid 🔧 Technical Aid Expertise, equipment and technology — e.g. solar heating systems, agricultural equipment, dam building ️ ⛓️Conditional ('Tied') Aid Aid given with strings attached — e.g. China develops African infrastructure in exchange for natural resources 🆘 Humanitarian Aid Emergency relief — Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, UN, Gift of the Givers
Case Study: Gift of the Givers Foundation HUMANITARIAN AID • The largest humanitarian aid and disaster relief organisation of African origin on the continent • Provides food, water, medical supplies and disaster relief across Africa and beyond Geo Fact: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation spends billions annually on education, health and poverty alleviation
EU Aid Policy • The EU is the world's largest foreign aid donor — roughly 60% of all global aid • Average contribution: 0,43% of GNI across 27 member states (target: 0,56%) • Only UK, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands reached the EU's own target • 2011 policy shift: away from capital-intensive road-building toward clean energy and food security
Key Terms: Unit 16 Bilateral Aid Aid given directly from one government to another Multilateral Aid Aid channelled through international organisations Humanitarian Aid Emergency assistance provided to people in crisis Conditional/Tied Aid Aid given with conditions attached that benefit the donor NGO Non-Governmental Organisation — a non-profit group working independently of government
Unit 17: Impact of Aid on Development Aid can have both positive and negative impacts on development. The key question: who really benefits — the donor or the recipient? ✅ Potential Benefits Technology, infrastructure, relief, food, jobs, education ❌ Potential Costs Dependency, corruption, debt, exploitation, political pressure
Positive Impacts of Aid Access to Expertise Modern technology and specialised skills Infrastructure Funding Expensive projects that countries cannot afford alone Life-Saving Relief Humanitarian and emergency assistance Agricultural Yields Improved food supply and farming methods Job Creation Via the multiplier effect Education and Skills Improved training and literacy
Negative Impacts of Aid Exploitation of resources MEDCs obtain raw materials cheaply; MNCs grow profits at the recipient's expense Corruption Diverts funds away from people who need it Debt trap High-interest loans lock countries into long-term debt Dependency Over-reliance on MEDCs; political pressure on recipient countries Worker exploitation Poor workers exploited for low wages