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Forage crop improvement (Samapika Pattnaik).pptx

Sustainable forage crop improvement under climate change

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Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology Bhubaneswar Assignment on ‘Sustainable Forage Crop Improvement Under Climate Change’ Presented by – Samapika Pattnaik Admission No. - 251221208 Course Name – Crop Breeding – II (Rabi Crops) Course Code – GPB-512
Sustainable Forage Crop Improvement Under Climate Change
• A forage crop is a crop that is grown mainly to feed livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and buffaloes. • Animals may graze on these crops directly in the field, or the crops may be harvested and stored as hay, silage, or green fodder. • Example: Berseem, Lucerne, Cowpea, Oats, Barley, Maize, etc. What is a Forage crop ?
Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Maize (Zea mays) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) • Fast-growing cool-season forage crop. • High biomass and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and hay. • Improves soil organic matter. • High-yielding cool-season forage crop. • Nutritious and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and silage. • Helps in soil conservation. • High biomass and energy yield. • Excellent crop for silage production. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Improves animal productivity. • Perennial and very high- yielding forage crop. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Suitable for cut- and-carry system. Performs well in tropical conditions. • High protein and digestible fodder. • Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. • Grows well in cool season. • Enhances milk production • Highest protein and calcium content. • Deep-rooted crop that improves soil structure. • Drought tolerant and long-duration forage crop. • Increases milk and meat production Major Forage Crops & Their Importance
Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Maize (Zea mays) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) • Fast-growing cool-season forage crop. • High biomass and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and hay. • Improves soil organic matter. • High-yielding cool-season forage crop. • Nutritious and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and silage. • Helps in soil conservation. • High biomass and energy yield. • Excellent crop for silage production. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Improves animal productivity. • Perennial and very high- yielding forage crop. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Suitable for cut- and-carry system. Performs well in tropical conditions. • High protein and digestible fodder. • Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. • Grows well in cool season. • Enhances milk production • Highest protein and calcium content. • Deep-rooted crop that improves soil structure. • Drought tolerant and long-duration forage crop. • Increases milk and meat production Major Forage Crops Their Importance
Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Maize (Zea mays) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) • Fast-growing cool-season forage crop. • High biomass and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and hay. • Improves soil organic matter. • High-yielding cool-season forage crop. • Nutritious and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and silage. • Helps in soil conservation. • High biomass and energy yield. • Excellent crop for silage production. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Improves animal productivity. • Perennial and very high- yielding forage crop. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Suitable for cut- and-carry system. Performs well in tropical conditions. • High protein and digestible fodder. • Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. • Grows well in cool season. • Enhances milk production • Highest protein and calcium content. • Deep-rooted crop that improves soil structure. • Drought tolerant and long-duration forage crop. • Increases milk and meat production Major Forage Their Import
Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Maize (Zea mays) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) • Fast-growing cool-season forage crop. • High biomass and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and hay. • Improves soil organic matter. • High-yielding cool-season forage crop. • Nutritious and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and silage. • Helps in soil conservation. • High biomass and energy yield. • Excellent crop for silage production. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Improves animal productivity. • Perennial and very high- yielding forage crop. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Suitable for cut- and-carry system. Performs well in tropical conditions. • High protein and digestible fodder. • Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. • Grows well in cool season. • Enhances milk production • Highest protein and calcium content. • Deep-rooted crop that improves soil structure. • Drought tolerant and long-duration forage crop. • Increases milk and meat production Major Fo Their I
Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Maize (Zea mays) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) • Fast-growing cool-season forage crop. • High biomass and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and hay. • Improves soil organic matter. • High-yielding cool-season forage crop. • Nutritious and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and silage. • Helps in soil conservation. • High biomass and energy yield. • Excellent crop for silage production. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Improves animal productivity. • Perennial and very high- yielding forage crop. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Suitable for cut- and-carry system. Performs well in tropical conditions. • High protein and digestible fodder. • Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. • Grows well in cool season. • Enhances milk production • Highest protein and calcium content. • Deep-rooted crop that improves soil structure. • Drought tolerant and long-duration forage crop. • Increases milk and meat production Ma T
Oats (Avena sativa) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Maize (Zea mays) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) • Fast-growing cool-season forage crop. • High biomass and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and hay. • Improves soil organic matter. • High-yielding cool-season forage crop. • Nutritious and palatable fodder. • Suitable for green fodder and silage. • Helps in soil conservation. • High biomass and energy yield. • Excellent crop for silage production. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Improves animal productivity. • Perennial and very high- yielding forage crop. • Highly palatable and nutritious. • Suitable for cut- and-carry system. Performs well in tropical conditions. • High protein and digestible fodder. • Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. • Grows well in cool season. • Enhances milk production • Highest protein and calcium content. • Deep-rooted crop that improves soil structure. • Drought tolerant and long-duration forage crop. • Increases milk and meat production
Impact of Climate Change on Forage Crops  Rising temperature can reduce forage growth and quality.  Drought and water scarcity reduce biomass production and plant survival.  Irregular rainfall and flooding can cause waterlogging and crop damage.  Soil salinity can reduce nutrient uptake and plant growth.  Pests and diseases may increase under changing climatic conditions.  Overall, climate change can lead to lower forage yield, poorer nutritional quality and reduced livestock productivity. Fig : Normal forage vs drought resiliant forage
• Rising temperature and heat stress. • Drought and water scarcity. • Irregular rainfall and flooding. • Soil salinity and degradation. • Increasing pests and diseases. • Poor forage quality and reduced biomass. • Loss of genetic diversity.. Major challenges :
• Develop high-yielding and nutritious forage varieties. • Improve drought, heat, salinity and flood tolerance. • Increase water-use efficiency. • Improve resistance to pests and diseases. • Develop forage crops adapted to future climatic conditions. • Maintain stable forage supply for sustainable livestock production. Improvement objective :
Conventional Breeding : Conventional breeding improves forage crops by selecting superior plants and crossing them to combine useful traits such as high yield, good nutritional quality and tolerance to environmental stresses. Major approaches : • Selection : Selecting plants with high biomass, good quality and better stress tolerance. • Hybridization: Crossing two suitable parents to combine desirable characteristics. • Backcrossing : Transferring a specific useful trait into an already good variety. • Mutation breeding : Creating new genetic variation and selecting useful plants. • Polyploidy breeding : Increasing chromosome number to improve vigour and biomass in suitable crops. • Multi-location evaluation : Testing selected plants under different environments before release Examples • Forage Oat – Central Oat OS 405 (Avena sativa) Developed by the pedigree method from the cross HJ 8 × Kent. Selected for high green-fodder yield and good forage quality. It produced about 454.2 q/ha green fodder in the Central Zone. • Barley – RD 2035 (Hordeum vulgare) It is a dual-purpose barley variety suitable for both fodder and grain. It was evaluated for high green- fodder yield and good fodder quality. RD 2035 produced about 185.6 q/ha green fodder and 67.18 q/ha grain in one evaluation. • Napier Grass – IGFRI-7 (Pennisetum purpureum × P. glaucum) It is a Bajra Napier hybrid developed for high forage production. It has vigorous growth and good regrowth after cutting. It is suitable for repeated cut- and-carry forage production. ICAR reports IGFRI-7 among the high-yielding Bajra Napier hybrids recommended for fodder production
Molecular Breeding : Molecular breeding uses DNA markers and genomic information to identify plants carrying useful traits. It helps breeders select climate-resilient plants more accurately and faster than relying only on visible characteristics. Major approaches : • Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) : Selects plants carrying markers linked with drought, heat or disease tolerance. • QTL mapping : Identifies genomic regions controlling traits such as biomass yield and stress tolerance. • GWAS : Finds marker–trait associations across diverse forage germplasm. • Genomic Selection (GS) : Uses genome-wide markers to predict the breeding value of plants. • Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) : Generates large numbers of DNA markers for genetic analysis. Examples o Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) – Regen SY-4 Molecular-marker/QTL information has been used to support selection for forage yield and persistence-related traits. o Oat (Avena sativa) – CDC Dancer Molecular marker studies in oat support selection for important traits such as disease resistance and agronomic performance. o Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) – BTx623 This well-characterized sorghum line is widely used in genomic and molecular studies for identifying genes associated with drought adaptation and other traits.
Crop Rotation Organic Manure Efficient Irrigation Legume-Grass Mixture Rotational Grazing Climate-resilient Varieties Sustainable Forage Management
🌾 Stable and higher forage production 🐄 Improved livestock nutrition and productivity 💧 Efficient use of water and other resources 🌱 Improved soil fertility and health 🧬 Conservation and utilization of genetic diversity 💰 Increased farmer income 🌍 Reduced environmental impact Future prospective :
Forage crops are essential for providing nutritious feed and supporting livestock production. Climate change is affecting their yield and quality through heat, drought, water scarcity and other stresses. Therefore, combining conventional breeding, molecular breeding and sustainable forage management can help develop climate-resilient crops. Overall, sustainable forage improvement is important for healthy livestock, better farmer livelihoods and long-term food security. Conclusion :
• https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ce2ed915d3cfd0016ac/R 7010e.pdf • https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/yie ld-responses-of-winter-rabi-forage-crops-to-irrigation-with-saline-drainage-wat er/C42921A07660E693B892359C0DC1B378 • https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/yie ld-responses-of-winter-rabi-forage-crops-to-irrigation-with-saline-drainage-wat er/C42921A07660E693B892359C0DC1B378 Reference :
Forage crop improvement (Samapika Pattnaik).pptx