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First childrens encyclopedia

This document is the table of contents for "First Children's Encyclopedia", an educational reference book for young readers. The encyclopedia is divided into 10 color-coded chapters covering topics about our world, people and society, history, the human body, the living world, science and technology, Earth, the universe, and a reference section. It provides information on these subjects in entries ranging from 2 to 4 pages with pictures and diagrams to explain concepts clearly for children.

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First Children’s Encyclopedia First reference for young readers and writers
First Children’s Encyclopedia A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK
Contents LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI Editors Penny Smith, Lorrie Mack, Caroline Stamps, Lee Wilson Project Art Editor Mary Sandberg Designers Laura Roberts-Jensen, Lauren Rosier Our world Publishing Manager Bridget Giles 6–7 Our world Art Director Rachael Foster 8–9 The Arctic Production Editor Siu Chan 10–11 Canada and Alaska Jacket Designers Natalie Godwin, 12–13 United States of America Laura Roberts-Jensen 14–15 Mexico and Central America 16–17 South America Contents first published in various titles of the DK First Reference series 18–19 Africa (Illustrated Atlas, Encyclopedia, Human Body Encyclopedia, Science Encyclopedia, Animal Encyclopedia, Nature Encyclopedia, Dinosaur 20–21 Scandinavia Encyclopedia, Space Encyclopedia) in Great Britain between 22–23 UK and Ireland 2002 and 2008 by Dorling Kindersley. This edition first published in Great Britain in 2010 by 24–25 The Low Countries Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL 26–27 France Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley Limited 28–29 Germany and the Alps A Penguin Company 30–31 Spain and Portugal 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 32–33 Italy 176265 – 11/09 34–35 Central Eastern Europe 36–37 Eastern Europe All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any 38–39 Southeast Europe means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, 40–41 Russia and Central Asia without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. 42–43 Middle East A CIP catalogue record for this book 44–45 Southern Asia is available from the British Library. 46–47 Southeast Asia ISBN 978-1-40535-273-4 48–49 China and neighbours Colour reproduction by MDP, UK 50–51 Japan Printed and bound by Toppan, China 52–53 Australia Discover more at 54–55 New Zealand and the Pacific www.dk.com 56–57 Antarctica 58–59 Flags of the world People and society 60–61 World of people 62–63 Religious lands 64–65 Religious life 66–67 Writing and printing 68–69 Art and architecture 70–71 Music 72–73 Theatre and dance 74–75 Clothes and fashion 76–77 Sport and leisure 78–79 Working people 2
History of people 148–149 How plants work 226–227 Changing states 80–81 World of history 150–151 Fungi 228–229 Amazing atoms 82–83 Early people 152–153 Micro life 230–231 Molecules 84–85 Ancient Egypt 154–155 Food chains 232–233 Reactions and 86–87 Ancient Greece changes 88–89 The Romans Ecosystems and habitats 234–235 What is energy? 90–91 The Vikings 156–157 Ecosystems 236–237 Electricity 92–93 Aztecs, Incas, and 158–159 Polar regions 238–239 Light Mayas 160–161 Deciduous forests 240–241 Sound 94–95 Knights and castles 162–163 Rainforests 242–243 Forces and motion 96–97 20th century 164–165 A sea of grass 244–245 Machines 166–167 Life in a meadow Human body 168–169 At the water hole Planet Earth 98–99 Your amazing body 170–171 Desert regions 246–247 Our planet 100–101 What makes you 172–173 Life in thin air 248–249 Earth’s structure you? 174–175 Cool caves 250–251 Rocks and 102–103 Building blocks 176–177 The flowing current minerals 104–105 Organizing the 178–179 Still waters 252–253 Shaping the land body 180–181 Survival in the sea 254–255 Soil 106–107 Bones and muscles 256–257 Resources in the 108–109 Brain and senses Age of the dinosaurs ground 110–111 Breathing 182–183 Age of the 258–259 Fresh and salt 112–113 All about skin dinosaurs water 114–115 Body defences 184–185 What is a 260–261 The water cycle 116–117 Eating and dinosaur? 262–263 The atmosphere digestion 186–187 A hip question 264–265 Weather 118–119 Making a baby 188–189 Find a friend 266–267 The energy crisis 120–121 Amazing facts 190–191 Eggstraordinary about YOU! eggs The universe 192–193 Sauropods 268–269 What is space? The living world 194–195 Cretaceous cows 270–271 Where does space 122–123 The living world 196–197 Horns and frills begin? 124–125 What is an animal? 198–199 T. Rex 272–273 Our place in space 126–127 Types of animal 200–201 Big and bold 274–275 The Milky Way 128–129 The world of 202–203 Meet the raptors 276–277 Rockets mammals 204–205 Monsters of the 278–279 Moon journey 130–131 Marsupials deep 280–281 Men on the moon 132–133 Water mammals 206–207 How was it made? 282–283 Space shuttle 134–135 The world of birds 208–209 What happened? 284–285 Working in space 136–137 The world of 210–211 Living dinosaurs 286–287 Exploring Mars reptiles 288–289 The Sun 138–139 The world of Science and technology 290–291 A star is born amphibians 212–213 What is science? 292–293 The Big Bang 140–141 The world of 214–217 Advances in science insects 218–219 Being a scientist Reference section 142–143 The world of 220–221 Science and 294–297 Glossary non-insects everyday life 298–303 Index 144–145 The world of fish 222–223 All living things 304 Acknowledgements 146–147 What is a plant? 224–225 Properties of matter 3
Introduction Using this book The First Children’s Encyclopedia is divided into ten colour-coded chapters so you can see what you are In these pages you can find a country looking for at a glance: and discover its major features, look at Our world culture and history, and observe wildlife People and society and ecosystems. You can also explore the History of people world of science – from how technology Human body works to what’s going on inside the The living world Ecosystems and habitats human body. Enjoy a thrilling journey! Age of the dinosaurs Science and technology What’s what on a page? Planet Earth The universe The pages have special features that show you how to get your hands The Curiosity quiz will get on as much information as possible! you searching through each section to find the pictures. Look out for these: The living world The living world Curiosity quiz The living world Insects such as Look through The living world pages and Our amazing world is filled with millions butterflies are invertebrates. see if you can identify Snake of species, or types, of living thing. They the pictures below. can be as big as an elephant or so Plants small you have to look through Plants cannot move Spider around like animals. To a microscope to see them. Dragonfly survive and grow, they Micro-organisms have to make their own Animals Micro-organisms are very food. In turn, plants The animal kingdom is tiny – they are made up of a single cell. provide food for many made up of vertebrates This amoeba is animals and fungi. (animals with a backbone) magnified more and invertebrates (animals than 100 times. Signs of life without a backbone). Living things share some characteristics. They all Mammals, birds, Sunflower need food and oxygen. They reptiles, amphibians, also grow, reproduce, and Coral reef and fish are vertebrates. adapt to their environment. Fungi Tree frog Fungi (like toadstools, mushrooms, and moulds) Deer are neither plants nor animals, but they’re more like plants than animals. Fungi Become an expert 126-127 Types of animals 148-149 How plants work 122 Invertebrates – they make up 97 per cent of all animal species. 123 Which group of animals has the most members? Become an expert tells you where to look for more information on related subjects. 4 There is a question at the bottom of each page.
Using this book Text gives you information Hands on about a subject. Want to try Materials science Properties of matter something for yourself? of matter Properties Safety glass Compressibility Gases can be squashed, or Then look atthey are... Some materials are hardflexible. What a brittle, while others are There are many different and compressed, by squeezing more into the same “Hands on” tip. properties of matter. Some materials are colourful, while others are transparent. These kinds Boiling point is the hottest a liquid can get Brittleness space. This is what happens when you pump up a tyre. Foot pump before becoming a gas. of features are called “properties”. Some materials, such as glass, are Gas can be compressed very brittle and will break when because its particles are far Freezing point is the apart. A bicycle pump pushes temperature at which A cork floats on oil. pushed out of shape. Safety glass is the particles closer together. a liquid becomes a solid. Oil floats on water. designed to crack rather than break. Diamond is the hardest Gas particles Plasticity is how well Hardness mineral. Does it float? A scientist called Friedrich Mohs created a 9 a solid can be reshaped. Corundum It’s easy to learn about scale of ten minerals to compare how hard they some properties, such are. Many materials are graded on this scale. Hands on tells you Conductivity is how well a material lets electricity as the ability to float. The amount of matter 5 Apatite 10 Diamond 6 7 8 how to get stuck in or heat travel through it. Malleability is how well in a certain volume of an object is called its 2 4 Fluorite Feldspar Quartz Topaz density. Objects and Gypsum 3 and try an experiment a solid can be shaped without breaking. liquids float on liquids 1 Talc Calcite of a higher density and for yourself. Tensile strength is how much a material can sink through liquids of a lower density. Softest mineral Photographs stretch without breaking. Flammability is how A plastic building brick sinks H a n ds o n show you easily and quickly a through oil but floats on water. Collect some substance will catch fire. Reflectivity is how well An onion sinks through oil and water, but floats on syrup. different pebbles and put them in order of information Syrup sinks below water. Buttons contain mini a material reflects light. Water reflects well. hardness. A pebble is harder than another if it scratches it. about a subject. This is how Mohs worked Transparency is how facts: quick information well a material will let light pass through it. A good insulator Heat cannot easily pass out his scale. at your fingertips. Flexibility is how easily through some materials. These are known as A smooth flow Quick quiz a material can be bent. Some liquids flow more insulators. For example, easily than others. It depends Solubility is how well aerogel can completely block the heat of a flame. on their “stickiness”, or viscosity. questions are a substance will dissolve, But don’t try this at home! Hot lava from a volcano flows such as salt in water. slowly because it is sticky. at the bottom 224 Yes, a diamond is the hardest mineral of all. It will scratch quartz. 225 Is a diamond harder than quartz? of each page. The universe Men on the moon Here comes Earth Men on the moon Instead of the moon rising, the astronauts saw Earth rising over the How did they talk? There’s no air in space, so Colour coding On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first moon’s horizon – it sound has nothing to travel identifies each through. Lunar astronauts person to walk on the surface of the moon. He was looked four times use radio equipment in joined by Buzz Aldrin. A third astronaut, bigger than the moon looks their helmets. chapter at d o r wha Mike Collins, remained in orbit with the ei r from Earth. a glance. W t? command and service modules. The lunar module computer on Apollo 11 had just 71K of memory. Some Neil calculators can Armstrong now store more than 500K. We have transport! The lunar What did they do? Three later Apollo missions This dish module was Armstrong and Aldrin each carried a small electric car, antennae nicknamed the Eagle. spent almost 22 hours a lunar rover, which allowed the allowed the astronauts to explore away from astronauts to on the moon. About send pictures 2.5 hours of this the lander. These were left on the to Earth. was spent outside moon when the astronauts left. the Eagle, collecting rock and soil samples, setting up experiments, and taking pictures. d or what One lunar rover reached a top What was it like? ir speed of 22 km/h Buzz Aldrin described (13.5 mph). We the moon’s surface Splashdown as like nothing on Earth. He said it consisted of a fine, talcum-powder-like The astronauts returned to Earth in the Apollo 11 command module. This fell through the atmosphere and landed in the ? dust, strewn with Pacific Ocean. A ringed float pebbles and rocks. helped to keep it stable. Want to know 280 281 Why is there no blue sky on the moon? Because the moon has no atmosphere. something surprising? Every page is Then look at a “Weird or colour coded to what?” tip. show you which Weird or what? are chapter it’s in. packed with extra weird or wonderful facts. Check here for the answer. 5
Our world Our world Land covers a third of planet Earth, and water and ice cover the rest. We divide the land into North seven main chunks called America continents. The sea is divided into five major Atlantic areas called oceans. Pacific Ocean Ocean Inside the Earth South The core of the Earth is made America of metal – solid in the middle and molten all around it. We live on a thin, solid crust, a bit like the crust of a pie. Where people live This picture of Earth at night was taken by a satellite in space. The bright bits are made by lights on the surface. They show where the world’s big cities and towns are. 6 How long would a trip around the Equator take at walking speed?
Arctic Ocean Our world Europe Asia Pacific Africa Ocean Equator The Equator is an imaginary line Indian around the middle of the world. Ocean Australia n hern Ocea runs all the ut The So wa y around Antar ctica . Southern Ocean Can you find... The smallest continent? The continent of Australia is Antarctica also the world’s biggest island. Seven continents The most crowded continent? About 3,500 North America, South America, Europe, million people live in Asia. Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica are The biggest ocean? The Earth’s continents. Sometimes people call Pacific Ocean is as big as all Europe and Asia one continent (Eurasia). other oceans put together. About a year (without stopping for a rest). 7
The Arctic The Arctic An imaginary line called the Arctic Circle marks the outer edge of the At the top of the world is the North Arctic region. SA) a (U Pole, and around this is an area sk la Prudhoe Bay A called the Arctic. The Arctic is mostly a Se ocean. In its centre is a gigantic lump o rt uf of floating ice that never completely a Be melts. Further out are the northern tips of the continents and the huge island of Greenland. Moose Arctic people Queen Arctic tern Elizabeth Canada Arctic people live in the icy lands Islands around the Arctic Ocean. The weather is too cold for growing crops, so Arctic people get all their Ellesme re Isla nd food from animals. They survive by fishing, herding reindeer, and Ptarmigan Qaanaaq hunting seals and whales. G ee r Polar bear nl an d 8 Who was the first person to reach the North Pole?
The Arctic The Arctic tern catches small fish and shrimps by swooping across the surface of the sea. Chukchi Sea Walrus R us Seal A rc Pole to pole si ti The Arctic tern spends an Arctic c most of its life flying. Laptev Ci It breeds in the Arctic Fed Ocean Sea during the northern rcl summer. Then it flies erat e all the way to the Antarctic, where it stays during the ion southern summer. Arctic wolf Noril’sk The North Pole Kara Keeping warm Sea Arctic animals Franz have to endure Josef bitterly cold Novay Land weather. Walruses Musk ox have a layer of a Ze blubber (fat) to keep ml them warm. Polar y Svalbard a Reindeer bears and reindeer have thick coats of fur. an d Sea Barents re enl Iceberg Sea G Killer whale Murmansk Tromsø Norwegian Sea An American called Robert Peary, in 1909. 9
The Americas Canada and Alaska Ellesmere Canada is the second-largest country in the Island world, and Alaska is the largest of all the US states. Despite their huge size, both places have small populations because much of the land Queen Elizabeth is covered in thick forest Islands Caribou or frozen for most Oil drilling Banks Island of the year. it ra Prudhoe Bay Victoria Island t in gS Huskies Ber pulling sled a Se Musk ox g Alaska (USA) Great Bear Berin Mount McKinley Ma Lake (Denali) cke 6,194m (20,320ft) Yukon nzie C Anchorage Territory Northwest Territories Mo Yellowknife Walrus un Valdez Whitehorse t ain Moose s Fur seal Mountie Juneau (policeman) British Columbia Grizzly Saskatc Salmon bear Ro ck The Trans-Alaskan Pipeline hewan y M Alberta Totem pole ou Pa The USA’s largest oil-drilling area is nt in Alaska. A huge overground pipeline, ai Edmonton ns cif 1,287 km (800 miles) long, carries the oil Timber Regina ic O from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez. Vancouver Vancouver Island Calgary cean Victoria Canadian Calgary skyline U S A 10 What is the tallest mountain in North America, at 6,194 m (20,320 ft) high?
Canada and Alaska N Industries E Here are some of the main industries in the region. Timber from trees is used W as building material or for S making furniture. Oil is used to make fuels Hooded seal like petrol, and chemicals such as plastics. Baf Wheat is grown in the centre fin Isla of Canada on prairies, which nd are huge, flat fields. Metals such as zinc, Right whales aluminium, gold, and silver Iqaluit (whale watching is are mined in Canada. a popular activity) Inuit Canada goose children Nunavut Black bear Newfoundland a n a d a and Labrador Newfoundland dog Huds St. John’s on Ba Beluga whale and calf y Mining Gannet Prince Québec Edward Island an New Charlottetown Brunswick Nova Scotia Halifax c e Maple leaf Québec Fredericton O tic Beaver Montreal Manitoba an Ontario Snowboarding CN Tower, OTTAWA Lake Toronto Atl Winnipeg S uperior Lake HuronToronto Lake Ontario Michigan Lake Niagara Falls prairies Erie ke La Harbour porpoises Mount McKinley (Denali). 11
The Americas United States of America The United States Technology industry of America is an Seattle enormous country Olympia Grizzly bear made up of 50 states. olu Washington (brown bear) C mb Bison Missouri There are mountains, Salem River ia Helena Montana deserts, forests, Mount Rushmore Roc National Memorial wetlands, and Oregon ky Boise Skiing in the vast plains in Idaho M Rockies ou the USA. Golden Gate Gre n t a i Wyoming Bridge ns at Salt Lak Carson City Cheyenne Pacific O e Mountain lion Salt Lake City Wheat harvesting Nevada Ca San Francisco Utah Denver lif Colorado or ni a ce an Hollywood Hills do Ri ver Monument Valley Los Angeles Santa Fe Death Valley National Monument Arizona New Mexico Road runner C o l o ra Hawaii One of the USA’s 50 states Sonoran is a group of eight volcanic Phoenix islands in the Pacific Ocean. Kauai This state is called Hawaii. Desert Niihau Honolulu Socorro space telescope Oahu Molokai Gila monster Lanai Maui N Ri o Gr an Hawaii de W Mount Kilauea, on the main island of Hawaii, is the world’s E most active volcano. S M e x i c o 12 Which is the only US state not shown on this map?
United States of America This map shows 48 of the 50 states C a n a d a of the USA. The other two states are thousands of kilometres away. Alaska is northwest of Canada, and Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Blueberries Superior Augusta La ke Maine Verm New pshire Ham Bismarck La North Minnesota on t ke Riv Dakota tario er H Wisconsin On Lake ichigan Boston uro e Massachusetts k n Rhode La Pierre M New York Island Connecticut South Dairy farming Michigan ie Statue of Liberty Er Great Dakota Detroit New York ke Pennsylvania Iowa La Harrisburg New Jersey Chicago Ohio Nebraska Indiana Delaware Maryland Lincoln WASHINGTON DC Raccoon Sears Tower, Chicago West s American football Virginia ain Illinois io Riv er Virginia an Topeka The Capitol building, Oh Missouri St. Louis nt Washington, DC e ou ck y Kansas American Kentu c M Raleigh O bald eagle Plains an e ssee North Carolina tic Tenn hi ac South Atlan al Oklahoma Arkansas pp Carolina r i Rive ipp City Country music A Mississ “Tornado Alley” Little Rock Mississippi Atlanta Oklahoma Alabama Georgia Dallas Montgomery Kennedy Space Center Paddle steamer Oil wells Tallahassee Texas Louisiana Baton Rouge Florida New Orleans The Evergla Jazz music de s Dolphin- watching Cowboy Miami xico f Me lf o American alligator Gu Alaska (see page 10-11). 13
The Americas N Prickly pear cactus Sonoran Tijuana Desert U S A Baj W E a Gul Ca f of r n R i o G ra n de S li Cattle Ca i a fo lif S Armadillo or ni a Si ie er rr ra a M M ad ad Monterrey re Monarch Gulf of Mexico re Boojum Los Mochis O butterflies tree Or cc d i en ien Atlante Brown ta Mariachi statue La Paz l at Tula tal pelican Grey M e x i c o whale Agave Pa c ifi cO Guadalajara cea MEXICO CITY Veracruz n Mexico and Catedral Metropolitana Central America Acapulco Did you know? Mexico and Central America form a natural bridge linking the USA to Coffee beans and bananas are Costa Rica’s South America. The north of Mexico most important crops. is dry and dusty. As you travel south, Chocolate was first the weather gets rainier and the land made in Mexico, from the seeds of the cacao tree. becomes greener, with lush rainforests Sugar cane from Central covering mountains and volcanoes. America and the Caribbean is used to make sugar. 14 How do spider monkeys use their tails?
Mexico and Central America West Indies Bahamas To the east of Central America is a NASSAU chain of tropical islands called the At West Indies. The weather here is la HAVANA tic n C u ba Oce warm all year, but hurricanes an can strike in summer. Palm tree Pineapples es L Gr Dominican se ea Haiti Republic r te SAN JUAN r PORT-AU-PRINCE Puerto Rico A nti Jamaica An SANTO (USA) til DOMINGO KINGSTON les lles Dominica Frigate Ca St Lucia bb ri ea Barbados n Se a Yacht PORT-OF-SPAIN Trinidad and Tobago Flamingos Chichén Itzá Coral reef Olmec Green turtle head Macaw Belize BELMOPAN Grapefruit n duras Panama Canal em ala Ho The man-made Panama Canal t Shrimp ua TEGUCIGALPA links the Atlantic and Pacific G Oceans. About 12,000 ships GUATEMALA CITY Salvado Bananas pass through it every year, El making it one of the world’s Nicaragua r SAN SALVADOR Hands on busiest waterways. MANAGUA Lake ragua Cut the leafy Nica Spider monkey Costa Rica top off a pineapple Panama Canal and plant it in a pot of soil. If  SAN JOSÉ you keep it in a greenhouse, Pa PANAMA CITY nama it will grow into a pineapple plant. Toucan As hooks to hang from branches. 15
16 South America A vast chain of mountains runs the length of this continent. On its western side is the world’s The Americas driest desert. On the east is the biggest rainforest. Cartagena CARACAS Venezuela Agrias butterfly Equator walkabout r ve BOGOTÁ Ri The Equator is an G GEORGETOWN imaginary line around the u Orinoco QUITO Colombia Angel Falls PARAMARIBO Earth’s middle. It would a m Ecuador CAYENNE take you a month to i n ) yana nc walk across just the re Sur nce F u r a i a n ah G South American (F Equator part of it! Amazon Rainforest Manaus er Amazo n Riv Belém Condor What is the highest mountain in the Andes? Capybara Pa And e LIMA Machu Picchu Peru s M cific Jaguar Brazil ou n Brazil nuts O ta ins La cea ke Titi Arequipa Bolivia ca n ca LA PAZ Bananas Arica Parakeet
Brasília Cathedral Salvador Bolivian Indian BRASÍLIA ins ta football Desert Mackerel Para gu oun Chile a M y a s ASUNCIÓN am de Llama c Sugar Loaf Mountain An São Paulo Rio de Janeiro ta Oil rig A Argentina n Gaucho O cea Aconcagua Pampas N Valparaíso grass tic SANTIAGO n Uruguay tla A BUENOS MONTEVIDEO AIRES W E Sheep Pa mpas farming Bahía Blanca Green turtle S Cape Horn onia The southern tip of South ag t America is called Cape Horn. Can you find... Pa The seas around it are so The world’s highest capital? Aconcagua, which is 6,960 m (22,834 ft) high. Magellan stormy that hundreds of ships La Paz, Bolivia, is 3,632 m penguins (11,916 ft) above sea level. have been shipwrecked there. The world’s highest waterfall? Angel Falls in Venezuela measures 979 m (3,212 ft) from top to bottom. The world’s driest town? Cape Horn Arica in Chile’s Atacama Desert has an annual rainfall of zero! South America 17
18 Africa Africa Africa is a vast, sun-baked continent, famous for its amazing wildlife. In the north and south are hot deserts. Between the deserts are swampy rainforests and grasslands full of wild animals. Ait Benhaddou mud N fortress, Morocco e an ALGIERS Me TUNIS c d it Gu O err RABAT lf a ntains of nea o s Mou Sir n W E Tunisia TRIPOLI te Sea Su t ic o c c Atla or Al ’Aziziyah ez C CAIRO an M Algeria l Bedouin anal LAAYOUNE a weaver Libya S h ar At Sa Erg Tifernine Riv rn er Pyramids te Nil e Ahaggar es Egypt W Tuareg nomads Mounta s in Aswan Re Mauritania d Sahara Desert NOUAKCHOTT Niger Nubian Asia Se Peanuts Mali Ostriches Desert How long is Africa from north to south? a Senegal River N DAKAR Cheetah Eritrea ige r Bambara Nile ASMERA Gambia La felucca KHARTOUM village Sahel ke Chad Guinea- Burkina NIAMEY Ch boat Bissau BAMAKO ad Guinea NDJAMENA Djibouti Sudan Val l ey Sierra Hippopotamus Horn of t ABUJA Leone Ivory ADDIS ABABA Africa Togo Benin Nigeria Rif Coast o on Liberia Ghana Central at er Ethiopia Cocoa bean African Rep. a am G re C BANGUI li Lion YAOUNDÉ a
Bananas m Equatorial Guinea Diamond mine Tea MOGADISHU Uganda So ngo KAMPALA Kenya Co go Can you find... r e Gabon Lake n NAIROBI Riv Lowland Rwanda Victoria The highest point in Africa? Co gorilla rengeti Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania Burundi Se KINSHASA 5,895 m (19,341 ft) is 5,895 m (19,341 ft) tall. Dem. Rep. of Congo One of the world’s highest DODOMA sand dunes? Erg Tifernine in Masai herder LUANDA Tanzania the Sahara is 400 m (1,300 ft) tall. G Oil rig Hornbill Dhow sailing boat The hottest place on Earth? Zebra Al ’Aziziyah, in Libya, has had Angola reat R temperatures of 58ºC (136.4ºF). Zambia Malawi Lemur el LUSAKA Elephant A Za mbez i Ri ve r t ar ann ue sc i f t Va l l e y Giraffe HARARE q Ch bi e Namibia Zimbabwe aga lan m ANTANANARIVO d a N WINDHOEK iqu ti Victoria Falls oz Ma M amib mb B o t s w a n a rt e a e s PRETORIA la hari D oz Tin and K a MAPUTO Dese Swaziland Chameleon M copper c Oc rt mining The Suez Canal Madagascar Ndeble Lesotho About 8,000 km (5,000 miles). This canal is a man-made waterway Springbok house The island of Madagascar ean that runs from the Red Sea to the South Africa is home to tree-dwelling Cape of Cape Town animals called lemurs. Mediterranean. It provides a short cut Good Hope They have faces like cats for ships travelling from Europe to Asia. but bodies like monkeys. Savanna wildlife Much of Africa is covered by a type of grassland called savanna. Huge herds of grazing animals live on the savanna, as well as lions, hyenas, and cheetahs. Africa 19
20 Scandinavia Europe The northernmost part of Europe rctic Ocean is Scandinavia – a region of dense A pine forests, snowy mountains, hC Nort ape and craggy coastlines. Iceland Fishing trawler Iceland is a volcanic island in the far north Atlantic Ru Tromsø s Ocean. It has hundreds of Puffin hot springs and geysers. sia Sami man n with reindeer Sea Greenland F d Mining Lapland or Church of Fj t Hallingrimur es V eder at Vatnajokull (Ice sheet) Lynx Wolf mijoki REYKJAVÍK ins r Ke ion e Geyser u nta Riv Mo Sweden en Sea Oulu l Which Scandinavian warriors raided Europe in 800–1050 CE? an n e ia Sauna Kjø e gia Oc o thn rw B o tic N Grey seal of n Wolverine f l Paper mill A tla Gu
N Stave church Finland o rd Fj Rainbow trout ord Sogne Fjord Mount Galdhøpiggen Golden eagle Cathedral, 2,469 m (8,100 ft) Helsinki Cross-country Bergen Norway skiing HELSINKI d rd an r Fjo Åland nl a nge Islands i Hard f of F OSLO Gul d Fjor na STOCKHOLM ok Stavanger B Sculptures in e City Hall, jord Stockholm L Vigeland Park, Oslo ak ern n o F Vä sl e O L ak tern t Rune stone Vä Gothenburg The Vikings. and Dairy Gotl Herring farming d Denmark Swedish Ölan glass ea Sea S h COPENHAGEN c Lego Malmö B alti Bornholm N Pig farming Nort Little Mermaid statue, The Øresund Bridge Copenhagen The Øresund Bridge links Copenhagen in Denmark to Malmö in Sweden. There Faeroe Islands W E are three parts to the bridge – an Tórshavn These islands are part of underground tunnel, an artificial island, Denmark. They lie halfway and a bridge over the sea. Together, between Iceland and Scotland. Scandinavia 21 they are 16 km (10 miles) long. S
22 UK and Ireland Europe The United Kingdom is made up of Shetland England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Islands Ireland. Ireland is a separate country. Most of the people in the UK and Ireland speak English as their main language. Orkney Red deer Islands es Thurso id e br H r te Ou Skye Loch Ness Monster The Royal Family mpian Gra ntains England and Scotland had u Aberdeen Ben Nevis Mo Highland cow separate royal families until 1,343 m (4,406 ft) Mull 1603, when they joined together Scotland North Sea Ri to form the United Kingdom. v F or e r th Bagpiper Queen Elizabeth II is the What is the name of the Queen’s official residence in London? Glasgow current Head of State. Edinburgh Giant’s Causeway Edinburgh Angel of the North Castle Northern Newcastle upon Tyne I r e l a n d Belfast
Galway P Cathedral a n Lake en fM District North Sea Middlesbrough eo Douglas oil rig ni Blackpool Isl Tower Galway nes Guinness Ireland Irish Sea DUBLIN Blarney Castle Manchester Kingston Liverpool upon Hull Football do nia ow Sn ns Cork Yacht n tai England a Jaunting car Crufts ou brian C Birmingham Norfolk dog show M m N Broads n Cambridge ver Sheep Se Wales r e Big Ben Riv Oxford Cardiff Rive W r T ham E es LONDON Exmoor Stonehenge Buckingham Palace. Surfing Exeter Dover S Dartmoor Royal Pavillion Brighton f Scilly es o e of Wight Isl Land’s Is l Eurotunnel Portland Bill to France End Eden Project lighthouse English Channel The Eden Project, Cornwall These giant greenhouses are home to lots of plants from different areas of the world. People can visit here to learn how important nature is to the France UK and Ireland future of the planet. 23
24 The Low Countries Europe Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg are called the Low Countries because they are so flat. They are also sometimes called Benelux – the first letters of BElgium, an Islands Avocet st Frisi NEtherlands and LUXembourg. We e e nze Tern dd Ice skating a W N Cattle Netherlands W Fishing er a Cheese e E porters lm Se e s h rt IJs Cyclist S AMSTERDAM Flevoland No Herring THE HAGUE Tulips Windmills What is another name for the Netherlands? Dams to stop Rotterdam floods from sea R i v e r R h ine Horses Cubic Houses Arnhem Barge Clogs Bruges Town Hall Antwerp Ostend Cathedral Germany Bruges Eindhoven Antwerp
Lace making BRUSSELS The Atomium Did you know..? Chocolates Brussels is the capital of Belgium Europe. It is the centre of the Liege Crystal European Union and home of Charleroi the European Parliament. France e River Meus 900 windmills along the Deer Netherlands’ coast help to e s keep the land drained. n st en Wooden clogs were re Amsterdam Beer rd o first invented by Dutch A F The tall houses es workmen 600 years ago. lining the canals of e nn Wild boar rd A Amsterdam were built by rich spice merchants Holland. hundreds of years ago. Each Vianden castle one is unique, and many are crooked because they are Luxembourg built on marshy land. LUXEMBOURG The Low Countries 25
Europe l nne France English C ha France is the biggest country in western Europe. Its capital Mont St-Michel Bayeux Tapestry is the city of Paris, site of Breton woman the Eiffel Tower. France N Rennes Le Mans race track is famous for its scenic countryside, which W Le Mans Standing Stones is dotted with sleepy (Carnac) villages and fairytale E castles called châteaux. S Mont St-Michel Mackerel ean Beef cattle A towering abbey sits on the island of Mont St-Michel off c Oc the north coast of France. At low tide, people can walk Brandy nti across the sand to get to tla Mont St-Michel. Bordeaux A Ba yo f Bi s c ay Cave Paintings at Lascaux Wine Biarritz Toulouse Aeroplane Py manufacturing re ne es 26 Where in France would you find pink flamingos and wild horses?
Calais Be France lg The Channel Lille i um Pollock Tunnel Riv er Se in e World War I Memorial Eiffel Tower (Vimy) PARIS Boules Germany France r L o i re ive ins Champagne Nancy R ta Chapel of Strasbourg un Notre Dame Mo Château de Du Haut Chambord ges Mustard Vos Dijon Cycling i ns n ta ou M a Garlic J ur Massif Central Corsica Edible Lyon This French island is in snails Mont Blanc 4,807 m the Mediterranean Sea next to Italy (see page 32). hône (15,771 ft) It has a beautiful rocky er R ps coast with lots of beaches. Riv Al s in Rocquefort ta Skiing cheese n ou Bastia Napoleon M s n ne Sunflowers ve Cé Montpellier Camarg Casinos ue Ajaccio Tourism Tourism Marseille Nice Cannes Monaco Toulon Camargue horses The marshes of the Camargue. 27
28 Germany and the Alps Europe The north of Germany is low and flat, but the land gradually rises towards the south. Switzerland Berlin Wall and Austria lie in the heart of A long wall used to the Alps – Europe’s tallest and divide the city of Berlin into communist and most spectacular mountains. western halves. In 1989 the people of Berlin tore the wall down and reunited the city. l na l Ca e Sea Ki Fehmarn Rügen N orth Container ship Kiel Ri v e Stork r N El b e Hamburg Lake Müritz Bremen W E r Heidschnuke sheep Rive Oder Brandenburg Hanover Gate Beef cattle BERLIN S Which composer was born in Salzburg, Austria, in 1756? Cologne Chemical Cathedral Volkswagen cars industry Poland Ri v Ri er Wheat ve r E Zwinger Rh lbe Palace ine Germany Halle Leipzig Düsseldorf Red deer Cologne Dresden
Bonn Th ur Fo ing Frankfurt re ia skyline st n Frankfurt Czech River Main Republic B Mannheim oh Nuremberg e m Wine Heidelberg ia n Mercedes Fo Stuttgart t A lps be re Spanish ine anu st France ian riding Rh r D es ab R ive school Sw ver or Ulm Oktoberfest VIENNA Ri Linz be e F River Danu Mountain ak Cheese Munich Freiburg climbing ck Mozart ler L Neuschwanstein Lake la Lake Con Castle Chiemsee Salzburg B sta nc Austria s e an Alps Neusied Zurich B avari n Alp Zugspitze stria Chocolate 2,962 m Au Innsbruck VADUZ (9,718 ft) Graz BERN Snow Swiss Chamois boarding army knife goat Davos Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Switzerland lps Marmot Sw iss A Alpine Geneva River Rhône horn Matterhorn 4,478 m Liechtenstein (14,692 ft) Germany and the Alps 29
Europe Spain and Portugal Mountain bike Spain and Portugal are in the Rain sunny southwest corner of Europe. Together they make up a region Santiago León called the Iberian Peninsula. Dolphin Santiago Cathedral Azores These Portuguese ic Ocean islands are in the Ponta Delgada Coal mine Oporto Atlantic, about a third of the way to the USA. Salamanca ugal Clay cockerel ant (symbol of Portugal) Grapes Madeira Atl Coimbra The Portuguese island Windmills Port Ri ver of Madeira is famous for making a rich type of wine Funchal also called Madeira. Badajoz Belem Tower LISBON Sheep Canary Islands These seven Spanish islands are off the Packing fish Flamenco west coast of Africa. Lanzarote dancer River Santa Cruz de Tenerife Fuerteventura Seville La Palma Algarve Tenerife Lagos Faro Tourists Gran Canaria Lynx e tic Banana plantations Ba Crayfish Wind surfing Gibraltar (UK) Which is the rainiest city in Spain?
Spain and Portugal F r anc e Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Andorra Basque Mountain ANDORRA Country goat Pyre nees LA VELLA N Ib Wild boar er Skiing ia n Barcelona M Valladolid Spain Ri ver E ou E b ro W nt ai Rioja wine ns Sagrada Familia Cathedral, Barcelona S d s Roman aqueduct Sardines l an Minorca MADRID Is Mahón Ta g u s r ic Majorca a Bull-fighting Paella le Palma a a Se B Valencia n ea Royal Palace Ibiza Albacete Ibiza an Oranges Formentera r Alicante Med iter n ca la B sta dalquivir Andalusian horse Gua Co i a Cartagena lus Guitar d a Olives An Majorca and oil Granada The Spanish s un tain island of Majorca Mo is one of Europe’s top Malaga tourist destinations. st a del Sol Its rugged coast has lots Co of picturesque beaches. Jet ski Santiago. 31
32 Italy Europe Italy is shaped like a boot, with the top in the Alps mountains and the toe swimming in the Mediterranean Sea. The Apennine mountains run like a bone down the leg. Skier A l p s Mountain goat Turin Dolomites Milan Lake Garda Wine Venice Ferrari Riv er Po Bologna Venetian Leaning gondola How many islands make up Malta? Tower of Pisa Italian lakes Tagliatelli Pisa carbonara Florence There are 23 lakes Fishing boat Florence San in the lake district in Cathedral Marino northern Italy. Lake Garda is the biggest, and a popular place to sail and windsurf. Tuna Moped
Pescara ROME Vatican Ap e Sardines City nn Tourism in The Colosseum es Sardinia (Rome) Pizza Can you find... Italy Octopus Wild boar Europe’s largest volcano? Naples Olives and Mount Vesuvius olive oil Mount Etna in Sicily is also Pompeii Cagliari Europe’s most active volcano. Amalfi Cast of a body The world’s most wonky tower? at Pompeii Crab The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a campanile, or bell tower. Taranto Amalfi Where the first pizza was made? A baker in Naples invented the pizza in the 1800s. Sheep Squid Wine Palermo Oranges Lemons Three: Malta, Gozo, and Comino. Sicily Messina Almonds Agrigento Mount Etna N Mediterr Temple of Castor Noto Cathedral a and Pollux W n Syracuse ea n Se E a Malta S VALLETTA Italy 33 Scuba diving
34 Central Eastern Europe Europe These countries were under communist rule until the 1990s. Today they are modern nations with thriving industries. Traditional farming continues in the rural areas. ltic Sea Ba Gdansk Did you know? Ship building Koszalin Canoeing The Polish town of Mazury lakes Torun is well-known Windmills for its gingerbread. Potato farming Szczecin Budapest is split by the Danube. Buda is on one Chemical industry European bank, Pest on the other. Torun bison Poznan The snow-white Mining Lipizzaner horse is bred in Slovenia. WARSAW Gingerbread Lodz y Pig farms Market Square, Poland Warsaw What ingredient makes Hungarian goulash spicy? r man R Ge ive Wheat r Lublin O de r R i ve r Vi s Charles Bridge Wroclaw Kielce Sugar beet tula Karlovy Vary Hradec kralove PRAGUE Rive Cattle farms Skiing Plzen r Elbe Krakow
Czech Republic Brno High Tatra Mountains Pilsner lager Painted Slovakia Skoda Easter eggs Spissky Hrad castle Tokay Wooden house wine BRATISLAVA Eger Nyiregyhaza Gyor Debrecen BUDAPEST Parliament, Budapest t ria a A us ni Hungary a Goulash Horses om R Wine nube Lipizzaner mare Szeged Da and foal r e LJUBLJANA Riv Pecs Paprika. Slovenia ZAGREB Croatia Osijek Rijeka High Tatra Mountains This mountain range lies in Poland Di and Slovakia, and forms part of the na r Carpathian Mountains. The tallest ic Dalmatian peak is 2,655 m (8,710 ft) high. Tourism Alp s N Ad Split ria W ti c E Se a Dubrovnik Central Eastern Europe 35 S
36 Eastern Europe Europe The countries of eastern Europe lie between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. They were part of the Soviet Union, but became independent states in 1991. TALLINN Cruise ship Estonia Golden Lake Hill of Crosses eagle Peipus This sacred site in a e Lithuania is visited S by lots of pilgrims Bobsleigh every year. They altic B Amber jewellery leave crosses on RIGA Liepaja Latvian the hill to show Latvia costume What are the Baltic States? Bauska their devotion to Christianity. Hill of Crosses The centre of Europe Polatsk Trakai Castle Vitsyebsk VILNIUS Lithuania Flax Ru ssi Sugar Belarus an Fe deration beet MINSK Poland Pigs
N Mink Homyel arshes et M Mushroom Pr i p picking W E Chernihiv Chornobyl Ukraine S KIEV L’viv Kharkiv Ukranian folk dancers St Andrew’s Church Mammoth fossils White geese Carp a Mou th ia nt River n a Dn Potatoes in iep s Chernivtsi er Dnipropetrovs’k Wooden church Coal mining Mo Donets’k Ro ld ma ov nia a CHISINAU Wheat Gymnastic school Sunflowers Can you find... Odesa Wooden Moldovian Ukraine’s oldest creatures? gateway f Azov Mammoths walked the Earth Black sea ao e S 25,000 years ago. tourism The plant used to make linen? Swallow’s ea Kerch Flax is a major crop of Belarus. Its ck S Nest Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – the countries bordering the Baltic Sea. fibres are made into linen clothes. la Castle B Crimea Europe’s largest marshland? Yalta The Pripet Marshes cover 270,000 square kilometres (104,000 sq miles). Eastern Europe 37
38 Southeast Europe Europe The mighty River Danube winds its way across southeast Europe, Ca forming a natural border between Satu Mare rp a Romania and Bulgaria. Further thi south are the scattered an ruins of the cities of M Wild boar oun Ancient Greece. t Wolf Timisoara Romania ains Bran Castle, Serbian Transylvania Raznijei Kebab Sibiu an sylvanian Alps Banja Luka Tr Bosnia and BELGRADE Danube Herzegovina Traditional Serbian costume BUCHAREST Statue in River Liberation SARAJEVO Square, Sarajevo Serbia Parliament Palace Ruse What is Greece’s most important crop? Di n a Mostar ri c Grapes Pleven Natural yoghurt A Alexander Nevsky Varna lp Cathedral s Ad Montenegro ri PODGORICA PRISTINA SOFIA a Black Sea Kazanluk t Kosovo Burgas ic (disputed) Bulgaria Folk dancers Goats at Kazanluk Se a SKOPJE Festival of Roses Oranges Macedonia Roses TIRANA
Alb Bitola Bouzouki a Salonica Watermelon N nia Greek coffee Olive oil Pi n dus Dolphins Octopus W Mou E n Aeg ta Greece Lesbos e Greek vase ins an Parthenon S S Cephalo a ni ea Chíos Sailing ship Patras Pe Za lop ATHENS Turkey kinthos o nn ese Can you find... A sponge? Old-fashioned Greek church Ceremonial soldier Olives. bathroom sponges are the from Athens skeletons of dead sea creatures. M Yoghurt? People in Bulgaria eat Cy cl a e lots of yoghurt because they think des Rhodes di it helps them live longer. t Sponge er Knossos Palace Greek coffee? Greek people make ra coffee by boiling ground coffee in a ne tiny pan of water until it foams. an Iráklion Sea Crete Chios Island in the Aegean Sea Southeast Europe 39
Russia and Central Asia Russia and Central Asia The Russian Federation spans two continents: Europe and Asia. To its southwest are the B a r en ts S e a eight independent countries of Icebreaker Central Asia and Caucasia. Murmansk ship Harp seal Kaliningrad Kara Sea St Petersburg Pskov Novgorod Kirov ballet St Basil’s Cathedral, Vorkuta Noril’sk Moscow b rO MOSCOW Rive s S i b ain Kirov nt ou M B l Ri ra Russian dolls ve lac a Chess lg U Vo r i ve r Ob k R Magnitogorsk Ural’sk Sea Elk Orsk Omsk Russian Ge Ca rgi Groznyy Baykonur Novosibirsk o uc a Sturgeon Space Centre as fish caviar ASTANA Wheat us T’BILISI Baykonur Armenia a l S ea Zhezkazgan Ar YEREVAN Azerbaijan Kazakhstan BAKU Uzb ke Balkhash ek Caspian La ista Sea T u Kyzy l Kum r Desert n Cotton k me BISHKEK TASHKENT Almaty Gur-Emir Mausoleum, ASHGABAT Iran ni Samarqand Kyrgyzstan Samarqand st an DUSHANBE Tajikistan Afghanistan 40 Which animal do Nenet people herd?
Russia and Central Asia Arctic Ocean Pevek Brent geese Walkabout Walrus Russia is the world’s Reindeer widest country. It would take more than two months Nenet people Yakut people to cross if you walked non- River Len stop from west to east. Kamchatka Verkhoyansk a Salmon Pen Wolf Magadan i ns Brown bear ul e r i a Okhotsk a Yakutsk Sea of Okh N o tsk Diamonds Timber Mining W E Federation Bratsk Trans-Siberian railway S Khabarovsk l ika Ba Irkutsk Lake Did you know? Siberian tiger Caviar from the Caspian Freshwater seal China Sea is so expensive it is Vladivostok known as “black gold”. Lake Baikal is the world’s deepest, and largest, freshwater lake. A shrinking sea The Aral Sea, between Verkhoyansk is the Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, world’s coldest town. In is shrinking. The water is being winter the temperature falls to -68˚C (-90˚F). used on Uzbekistan’s cotton fields, stranding fishing boats. Reindeer. 41
Asia Middle East Istanbul Medit This part of the world is hot and Blue Mosque ANKARA dry, with large deserts. Three of the Turkey world’s great religions began here. er an r Mecca ea NICOSIA C ypr us The holiest place for n a Muslim is the Ka’ba, Sea a cube-shaped shrine Sculpted menorah in in Mecca. Muslims Jerusalem face the Ka’ba when they pray and try to visit it at least once in their lifetime. World’s first skyscrapers Fruits of the desert The people of Yemen started building mud-brick Farmers can grow crops skyscrapers thousands of years ago. The ground only in the wettest parts floors are used for animals or for storing goods. of the Middle East. Families live in the upper floors. Figs are soft, sticky fruits that can be dried to make them last longer. Olive trees are grown for their fruit, which is pressed to make olive oil. Dates are the fruit of palm trees, which grow by rivers and in oases. 42 Which country produces 65 per cent of the world’s hazelnuts?
Black Middle East Sea Ca Whirling spi dervish dancer Mount Ararat an 5,165 m (16,945 ft) Sea Head of Zeus Syria TEHRAN Turquoise non BEIRUT Olives Figs Iran ba DAMASCUS Le BAGHDAD Chador, traditional dress for women AMMAN Iraq an Iranian food – chicken kebab rd JERUSALEM Israel Jo Marsh Arab reed house Kuwait KUWAIT CITY Th Falconry eG Ancient city of Petra ulf Persepolis palace MANAMA Bahrain Oman Desert oasis Qatar RIYADH Oil DOHA ABU DHABI Gulf of Oman Mecca Red United MUSCAT Saudi Arabia Arab Emirates Sea Mecca Arabian desert Oil refinery Coral reefs grow an along the coast of the Red Sea, Om where the water is warm and clear. Camels N Desert oryx Yemen Oil tanker Frankincense tree W SANA Ar E abian Sea S Turkey. 43
44 Asia Southern Asia Southern Asia is colourful and crowded. India is the biggest country in the region, with a population of more than a billion. Lapis lazuli Herat Snow leopard Afghanistan KABUL Decorated lorry ISLAMABAD Elephants on parade Quetta During the festival of Puram in Multan Pakistan southern India, 101 elephants Golden Temple Tomb of march through the town of Muhammad Ali Jinnah Trichur in a grand parade. Dancer Delhi NEW DELHI Hyderabad Karachi Taj Mahal Agra When Hindus die, where are their ashes scattered? Tea picking Riv India er Gan ges Imphal Green turtles River dolphin Camel Bangladesh market Rickshaw DHAKA ad a Ri ve r N a rm Sacred cow Kolkata Surat (Calcutta) Chittagong
Nagpur Raipur Mumbai Cuttack (Bombay) Ar o f Bengal a y Ba b Snake charmer Tiger Coconut tree ia and coconut Vijayawada Tuna fish Fishing boat n Sea Indian elephant Common lobster N Chennai Can you find... Calicut (Madras) Andaman Islands Lapis lazuli? This precious (India) stone was once used to make Kathkali Dancer E brilliant, sky-blue paint. Trichur W An Indian dancer? Classical Jaffna Thresher shark dancers use movements of their bodies to tell ancient stories. Nicobar Sri Lanka S Islands In the River Ganges. (India) Ganges river dolphin? This Mullet Kandy dolphin is almost blind and finds its way in muddy water by sound. COLOMBO Tea leaves The Monsoon Southern Asia is normally hot and dry, but every summer it pours down for weeks. This rainy season, called the monsoon, helps farmers grow crops like rice. Southern Asia 45
Asia China Southeast Asia B u rma ( Myan mar) Elephant Southeast Asia is hot and rainy all year HANOI Laos round. There are NAY PYI TAW Rubies VIENTIANE thousands of islands, Thai dancer V iland Rangoon ie and many are covered a tn with steamy rainforests Th Sampan boat am and towering volcanoes. BANGKOK a Sea Angkor Wat Chin Cambodia th Tapir S ou PHNOM PENH Ho Chi Minh Floating market Pearls The city of Bangkok is riddled with canals. Traders Orchid sell their goods from boats Omar Ali and shoppers paddle by to Saifuddin Mosque look for bargains. Petronas Towers Brunei KUALA BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN LUMPUR Tiger M a PUTRAJAYA l a y s i a S Singapore u m Padang Orang-utan o I a e tr r n B o a n Coconut Rafflesia d (giant flower) o JAKARTA J a v a Shadow puppets 46 What is the largest lizard in the world?
Southeast Asia Can you find... A very rare kind of ape? Orang-utans live only N in Borneo and Sumatra. An animal with tusks that grow through its face? The babirusa is a kind of pig. W E The world’s largest flower? Rafflesia grows to nearly a metre (3 feet) wide. S Planting rice MANILA Vinta boats Philippines Cebu Water buffalo O cean Davao ci fic Rice paddies Pa The wet climate is ideal for growing es Sea Tuna rice. Farmers plant it in flooded fields leb called paddies, which are sometimes Ce built like steps in the sides of hills. luccas Babirusa Mo ebes Cel Jayapura Nutmeg N e w G u i n e a Conch shell Ambon Pap Toraja house i a ua New n e s Asmat Guinea warrior DILI PORT MORESBY East Timor Mangoes Komodo dragon The Komodo dragon. It can grow to 3 m (10 ft) long. 47
Asia China and neighbours Over 1 billion people live in China N – that’s one-fifth of the world’s people. Next door, Mongolia has the fewest people for its size. W E Altay Terracotta Army Mongolian This army of statues in S ger (house) Xi’an was made more than 2,000 years ago to guard the Yining Bactrian Urumqi camel tomb of Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor. Turpan Hami The statues were rediscovered in 1974. Kashi Chinese opera Ibex Chinese opera has lots of singing, K2 8,611 m (28,250 ft) acting, and acrobatics. Make-up is used to show the type of character being played. Tibet Yak H Potala i m Palace Bhairabnath a l Temple a y a s Lhasa KATHMANDU Can you find... Ne Mount Everest 8,850 m (29,035 ft) THIMPU pal Bhutan The world’s tallest mountain? Mount Everest is 8,850 metres (29,035 ft) tall. The world’s most crowded place? Hong Kong has 6,000 people per square kilometre (16,500 per square mile). China’s hottest place? Turpan has recorded temperatures of up to 47°C (117°F). 48 What is the world’s second tallest mountain?
China and neighbours i on t e ra Russian Fed Harbin Snow sculptures at the Mongolia Harbin Ice Festival Jilin ULAN BATOR Shenyang North Korea Dinosaur fossils PYONGYANG Gobi Desert Temple of Heaven Dalian SEOUL BEIJING South Seoul Olympic Korea a i ea Stadium Qingdao r t Great Wall of China Ko tr S a er n t Chi iv R C h i n a Ye l l ow Eas Tibetan Lanzhou Xi’an Sea Shanghai monk ze gt Tea plantation Hanzhou n Ya Wuhan Ri ver Junk (fishing boat) Chengdu Changsha Silk moth China porcelain Fuzhou Taipei Hong Kong business district and Exhibition Centre Taiwan Electronic Red panda goods Kunming Hong Kong Giant panda Nanning ina Sea Hainan ut h Ch o S K2 in the Himalayas. It is 8,611 metres (28,250 ft) tall. 49
50 Asia Japan Japan is made up of four large islands and several thousand small ones. Most of the Steller’s n) country is mountainous. The biggest cities sea eagle an tio s ra d Isl are near the coast, where the land is flat. r ile Fede Ku ian ss (Ru Hokkaido Pollock Sapporo Japanese Snow monkey crane Aomori N How many people live in Tokyo? Apples E Snow and ice festival Cups for ains rice wine nt An ice festival takes place every W a ou ) J M February in the town of Sapporo. e a an S p of u People carve towers of ice into O S Sushi Sea ast temples, sculptures, or replicas (E of famous buildings. Honshu
TOKYO Oki Islands Geishas Shinto Mount Fuji 3,776 m (12,388 ft) shrine Nagoya Kabuki theatre Robot dog i n s Kyoto u nta Mo oku Osaka Nagoya Chug Castle Hiroshima Izu Sumo wrestlers Bullet train Isla Iki Pearl in shell nd s Shikoku Toys and gadgets Fukuoka Kyushu an Japan makes lots of e electronic goods, such Nagasaki i c Oc Matsuyama Pacif as computer games, Pottery castle televisions, and robot pets. Bonsai tree Tokyo skyline The capital city Tokyo is crowded and lively. Its skyscrapers are About 12 million. designed to sway slightly, which Octopus ea protects them from aS falling during hin earthquakes. t C as Ogasawara Islands E nds sla Sakishima Islands uI Volcano y These small tropical Islands yuk R islands lie far to the south of the rest Ishigaki of Japan. Okinawa Iriomote Yonaguni Japan 51
Australia and the Pacific Australia Darwin Australia is the world’s smallest Saltwater crocodile continent, but it is a huge country. Most Australians live on the coast, far from the vast, dusty deserts Broome Boomerang Ta n a m i that make up the outback. Dingo Desert Great Sandy Port Hedland Des Northern ert Poisonous animals Territory More poisonous animals Emu live in Australia than in any other country. Iron ore The male platypus Road train has a poisonous spur on Musgrave each of its back ankles. Camel Western A box jellyfish’s sting Australia Great Victoria causes terrible pain that Desert South lasts for weeks and can kill. Australia Geraldton Kalgoorlie Taipans are the world’s deadliest snakes. A bite Perth can kill in 30 minutes. skyline lian Bigh Perth Kangaroo tra t us Fremantle Sea snake venom can kill a child, but bites from these shy snakes are rare. Esperance A t Great white ea shark Gr Cone shells are sea snails Albany with deadly stings. The venom causes suffocation. N Funnel-web spiders have poisonous fangs. One bite can be fatal. The tiny blue-ringed W E octopus can paralyse and kill a person with its bite. S 52 What is a coral reef made from?
Australia Aboriginal paintings Coral reef The Great Barrier Reef stretches for 2,000 km Ca Gulf of (1,200 miles) along rpe ntaria C a p e Yo r k Queensland’s coast. Peninsula Many brightly coloured Cairns fish live on the reef. Tennant Creek Cattle farms Gre Townsville at The Devils Ba Marbles Mount Isa G r rie re Mackay rR Flying doctor Rainbow lorikeet a t Queensland eef D ivi Rockhampton Alice Springs ding Simpson Dese rt Uluru (Ayers Rock) Sheep stations s ge Ra Ran Koala ng La k Brisbane e e Eyre Banana plantations Pineapple farms Opals Coober Pedy Sydney Opera Broken Funnel-web House Hill spider Port Augusta New South Sydney Whyalla Wales Wollongong Kookaburra Adelaide M u Wagga Wagga Port Lincoln rra y River CANBERRA Kangaroo Australian Island Victoria Capital Territory Melbourne Mount Gambier Tram Bass Strait Tasmanian devil Tasmania Hobart Sailing The skeletons of tiny sea creatures. 53
Australia and the Pacific New Zealand and the Pacific Hundreds of islands are scattered across the Pacific Ocean. Two of Extreme sports New Zealand is the world capital for the biggest form the mountainous extreme sports. Bungee jumping, sky diving, country of New Zealand. and white-water rafting are all popular. Maori war dance Most people in New Zealand are European, but about one in ten are Maoris – New Zealand’s native people. On special occasions, Maoris paint their faces and perform a war dance called a haka. Sheep shearing Moving house Earthquakes are common in New Zealand, so people live in wooden houses for safety. When people move home, they can carry their Kiwi house away on a lorry. South Island Aoraki (Mt. Cook) s Alp 3,744 m (12,283 ft) Christchurch Takahe rn he w ut e So Rugby Queenstown N Dunedin Bungee jumping Royal albatross Sheep Oysters 54 What’s unusual about New Zealand’s kiwi birds?
New Zealand and Pacific N Red snapper W E Auckland S Pohuto geyser Pacific Ocean Maori carving Kiwi fruit d n North Island Coconut palms a Parliament buildings Forests of coconut palms (Wellington) grow along the beaches l of the Pacific islands. a Coo Islanders climb these tall e trees to gather the coconuts. k Strait WELLINGTON Z Pacific islands Northern Mariana Islands (USA) Marshall About 5 million people live Islands Guam (USA) among the tropical islands of the central Pacific. Palau Micronesia Sperm whale Papua New Nauru Guinea Kiribati Solomon Tuvalu Islands Tokelau (NZ) Wallis & American Futuna Samoa Samoa Pacific (USA) (France) islanders fish from Vanuatu Cook Islands Tonga (NZ) small wooden Niue canoes. (NZ) New Fiji French Caledonia Polynesia (France) (France) They can’t fly. 55
Antarctica cean Antarctica th ern O The world’s coldest continent is S ou Antarctica, which is covered in ice. In winter it doubles in size as the sea freezes around it. Weddell Sea An ta Halley Research rc South polar skua Station (UK) ti c Pe ni ns ul a Ronne Ice Adélie penguins Shelf Penguins Lots of sea animals live around Antarctica’s coast. Ellsworth Penguins are clumsy on land but Land superb swimmers underwater. A signpost in Antarctica shows how far away the rest of the world is. Emperor penguins Krill Blue whale A n Ice-breaker So ta th rc u Scott and the Antarctic ti er c Ci The British explorer Robert Scott n rcl was one of the first people to reach Oc e ean the South Pole, in 1912. He died of cold and hunger on the way home. 56 Who was the first person to reach the South Pole?
Antarctica Right whale Antarctic science So The only people who ut he live in Antarctica are Dronning rn scientists. Some use huge balloons to Maud Land Oc Weather Molodezhnaya Station study the climate balloon. ea (Russian Federation) on Antarctica. n Adélie penguins Survey plane Antarctica Prin Elizabe cess th Amundsen-Scott La Life in the freezer Station (USA), South n d Pole Antarctica is so cold that SOUTH POLE it freezes your breath into Tr a icicles around your mouth. People have to nsa Snow mobile cover up in nt ar Elephant seal ct Vostok Station lots of very ic warm M (Russian Federation) ou clothes. nt Ross Ice Casey Station ai (Australia) Icicles ns Shelf from breath. McMurdo Station (USA) R os s S e a Sno-cat Dumont d’Urville Station (France) Snow petrel Killer whale The Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, in 1911. 57
Flags of the world Flags of the world NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA Canada United States Mexico Guatemala Belize Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua of America St Kitts and Nevis Dominica St Lucia St Vincent and Barbados Grenada Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela The Grenadines AFRICA Argentina Paraguay Uruguay Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt Guinea-Bissau Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia Ivory Coast Burkina Ghana Togo Sao Tome and Principe Gabon Congo Democratic Uganda Rwanda Burundi Kenya Republic of Congo EUROPE Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Madagascar Comoros Cape Verde Iceland Norway France Monaco Germany Austria Switzerland Liechtenstein Spain Andorra Portugal Ukraine Moldova Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Croatia RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA Cyprus Russian Federation Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Bahrain Qatar United Arab Oman Yemen Emirates Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Malaysia Singapore Brunei Indonesia East Timor AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC Maldives Mauritius Seychelles Australia New Zealand Palau Micronesia Marshall Islands 58 Which is the only country that doesn’t have a rectangular flag?
Flags of the world h has its own f There are 195 countries in t he world. Eac lag. Costa Rica Panama Bahamas Cuba Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic Antigua & Barbuda Colombia Guyana Surinam Ecuador Peru Brazil Bolivia Chile Mauritania Mali Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Senegal Gambia Benin Nigeria Cameroon Central African Ethiopia Djibouti Somalia Equatorial Guinea Republic Tanzania Angola Zambia Malawi Mozambique Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe Sweden Finland Denmark United Kingdom Ireland Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Italy San Marino Vatican City Malta Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Romania Bosnia & Herzegovina Montenegro Kosovo Serbia Bulgaria Macedonia Albania Greece (disputed) ASIA Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkey Iran Lebanon Syria Israel Jordan Afghanistan Pakistan India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Burma (Myanmar) Laos Thailand Papua New Guinea Mongolia China Nepal Bhutan North Korea South Korea Taiwan Japan Nauru Kiribati Solomon Islands Tuvalu Samoa Vanuatu Fiji Tonga Nepal. 59
People and society World of people More than six billion people live in the world. These people have different customs, languages, beliefs, and lifestyles. Language and people One in every five people in the world lives in China. The most widely spoken language is Mandarin Chinese, which has almost one billion speakers. This girl is dressed up for May Day – a festival that is Culture celebrated in some parts People enjoy many of Europe. different kinds of art and culture. Writing is used to record information, news, views, stories, and history. Theatre entertains audiences with acting, dance, and costume. May Day marks Painting is a way of the first day of expressing feelings and spring, after the long, cold months ideas through pictures. of winter. Fashion is different all over the world, and is changing all the time. Music styles can be classical or popular, traditional or modern. 60 Which is the second most spoken language in the world?
World of people At work Curiosity quiz All over the world, people Look through the People work to earn a living. What job would you and Society pages and like to do? You could see if you can identify be an astronaut or the picture clues below. a teacher, a farmer or a computer programmer. At play Having time for leisure and play is very important. Some people like watching or playing sport. Like these children, you might enjoy playing games with friends. Celebrations Important times in people’s lives are celebrated with special feasts and festivals. These are times for people to enjoy themselves and to share their religious beliefs. At some festivals in India, people exchange gifts of sweets, like these. Become an expert 6-7 Our world 80-81 World of history Spanish. 61
People and society Religious lands Many people follow a religion. A religion is a set of beliefs and a way of worship. The main religions today are Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism. Hinduism Sacred symbols Hinduism began in India about Each of these symbols 4,000 years ago. has a special meaning. Hindus believe in a spirit called Hinduism: the “Aum” symbol represents the Brahman (God). first sound of creation. They also worship many gods and Judaism: the Star of goddesses, who David reminds Jews of represent different a great Jewish king. parts of Brahman. Buddhism: the wheel Hindus bathing represents eight points of in the holy River Rosary the Buddha’s teaching. Ganges, in India Christianity: the cross The Church reminds Christians of of the Holy Jesus’ death on a cross. Sepulchre, in Jerusalem Islam: the star and crescent moon appear on many Islamic flags. Sikhism: the khanda symbol reminds Sikhs of God and of God’s power. Christianity Christians follow the teachings of a man called Jesus Christ who lived about 2,000 years ago. They believe that Jesus was the son of God, who died to save them from sin. 62 What is the Christian holy book called?
Religious lands Islam This building is a Buddhist People who follow Islam are called monastery in Muslims. They believe in Allah Thailand. (God), who guides them through their lives. The holy book of Islam is called the Qur’an (Koran). It contains the teachings of a prophet called Mohammed. Mecca (Makkah) Western is a holy city Wall for Muslims. The Western Wall (Wailing Wall), in Jerusalem, is a holy place for Jews. Buddhism Buddhists follow the teachings of the Buddha. He was an Statues of the Judaism Indian prince who lived Buddha often Judaism is the religion of the Jews. Menorah show him (Jewish about 2,500 years ago. He meditating Their holy book is called the candlestick) showed people how to live (thinking Torah. It tells the story of the deeply). Jewish people and their special good, happy lives, full of peace. relationship with God. Become an expert The Golden Temple in Amritsar, India, 68-69 Art and is the holiest of all Sikh shrines. architecture 84-85 Ancient Egypt 90-91 The Vikings Sikhism The Sikh religion was started by a teacher called Guru Nanak. Sikhs worship in a building called a gurdwara. Their holy book is the Guru Granth Sahib. The Bible. 63
People and society Religious life People honour their God or gods by following their teaching. They may come together for worship and celebrate special events with feasts and festivals. Islam Statue of Muslims (followers of the Buddha Islam) must pray five times a day: at dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night-time. Muslims follow a set of special prayer positions. Buddhism Buddhists do not worship a god, but honour the life and teachings of the Buddha. In the temple, they offer flowers, candles, and incense to the Buddha, to show their respect. In some Buddhist countries, boys spend time as monks. 64 What is a mosque?
Religious life In a synagogue, Jews listen Judaism Turban to readings from the Torah, their holy book. Jewish people meet to worship and pray in a special building called a synagogue. A man or woman called a rabbi leads the worship. Small sword Steel bangle Torah scroll Silver pointer Sikhism This is Ganesha, the elephant-headed god. Many Sikh men wear five things to show Hinduism their faith. These are Hindus worship the gods uncut hair (often kept and goddesses in their homes tidy in a turban), a and in mandirs (temples). The wooden comb, a small god Ganesha is said to bring sword, a steel bangle, good luck and success. and white undershorts. are ac children first Cting out th hese ry of the Joseph Christianity e T to hristm Christmas is a joyful festival as. when Christians remember s Three kings how Jesus was born. There are services in church, and people celebrate by exchanging cards and gifts. Jesus Jesus was born in a stable in Bethlehem. Three kings brought presents for him. Mary A building where Muslims worship Allah (God). 65
People and society Writing and printing People began to write things down about 5,500 years ago. Before this, they told stories and passed news on by word of mouth. Today, writing is all around you. The Quill pens in a pot of alphabet ink with a scroll made from papyrus reeds Fountain pens are filled with ink. Paper and pens The paper you use today comes Signs and from trees. Long ago, people made symbols paper from reeds or animal Sometimes, signs and skins. The first pens were symbols are used to pieces of reeds, write letters and words, dipped in soot or even secret codes. or ink. Pictograms are pictures used for writing. This old Chinese word means “to sell”. Writing machines The first typewriters were Hieroglyphs were used invented about 200 years ago. by the ancient Egyptians. This one stands for “chick”. They made writing much quicker. Today, word processors, like this Runes were Viking symbols laptop computer, are used instead. that were carved on stone or wood. This is the “M” sound. Music symbols like these are used to write down musical sounds (notes). Morse code changes the alphabet into dot and dash signals for sending messages. Early typewriter Laptop computer 66 What is a typeface?
Writing and printing Printing books At first, books were written out by hand. This Become took a long time and was very costly. Printing an expert presses, like the one 84-85 Ancient shown here, were first Egypt An old wooden used about 600 years ago. Printing books printing press 90-91 The Vikings by machine was much quicker This mac and cheaper. sheets into newspapers. The different parts of the machine were worked by hand. hine sorts printed Printing the news The first, hand-written newspapers date from Roman times. They told people about battles and gladiator contests. Today, giant rotary presses are used to print millions of books, newspapers, and magazines every day. One rotary press can print more Every day, newspapers tell us than 75,000 what is happening in the world. newspapers in one hour. ... used in printing. A style of letters... 67
People and society Art and architecture Since ancient times, artists have painted pictures and used stone and wood to make sculptures. Architects plan the world’s buildings. Cave painting Church art Prehistoric artists The Italian artist painted pictures of Michelangelo painted figures and animals on scenes from the Bible on cave walls. This cave the ceiling and walls of Modern sculpture art is from the USA. the Sistine Chapel in Modern British artist Rome, Italy. Henry Moore used e ks a y tur w bold shapes to create Architec the this interesting – and . “touchable” – giant can change y loo stone sculpture. it a whole c Skyscraper Singapore skyline 68 When was the Sydney Opera House opened?
Art and architecture Architecture Making art Every building you see has been planned by an People use different types architect. Styles of architecture have changed of art to capture a scene over thousands of years. Buildings are designed or express their ideas. for living, working, worship, or simply for fun. Here are a few of them. Castles were built Drawing a quick “sketch” to defend people in pencil is a way for artists from attack. This to plan a colour painting. castle is in Spain. Painting in colour is often done on a canvas using watercolour or oil paints. Sculpture is the skill of making artistic shapes out The Taj Mahal of stone, wood, or metal. The beautiful Taj Mahal in Photography is a very India was built as a tomb accurate way of showing for the emperor’s wife. It is how people and places look. made from white marble set with coloured stones. Graphic design is a way of combining pictures and words in imaginative ways. An opera house Modern skyscrapers The Opera House in Sydney, make Australia, is a modern building. up the Singapore Its wing-like roof makes it easy skyline. to identify. It was designed to look like the sails of boats in the nearby harbour. Become an expert 86-87 Ancient Greece 88-89 The Romans In 1973. 69
People and society Music What is your favourite song or tune? Do you like classical, jazz, folk, rock, or pop music? If you play a musical instrument, you can make music of your own. Conductor An orchestra Some musicians perform together in a group called an orchestra. There are about 90 musicians in a symphony orchestra. The conductor keeps them in time. Orchestras usually play classical music. Drums and cymbals are percussion instruments. Cymbal Musical instruments In an orchestra, there are Drum four kinds of instruments – brass, woodwind, percussion, and strings. Each instrument makes its own individual sound. The different sounds blend together. Flute 70 What sort of instrument is a xylophone?
Music Recording music Mixing desk In a recording studio, each voice or instrument can be recorded on its own. These are called tracks. The knobs on the mixing desk control Engineers mix the tracks together. the volume and tone of each track. Types of music Many different kinds of music are played Vinyl CDs all over the world. Madonna is record one of the most successful pop Early music was probably singers of played on instruments all time. made from animal bones. Tape Opera is a play set to Madonna Music can be recorded in many ways: music in which the on computers, MP3 players, CDs, performers sing their lines. vinyl records, and tapes. Jazz musicians make up Many rock and pop some or all of the music musicians play music as they play it. on electric guitars. Rock music, or rock and roll, has punchy lyrics Pop concerts (words) and a strong beat. Watching your Pop is short for popular favourite pop music. It has catchy tunes star perform live on stage and is good for dancing to. can be thrilling. Many people work behind the Cello scenes to make the show French horn run smoothly. Hands on Would you like to be a pop star? Try writing your own pop song. Start by writing a poem, then make up a tune to go with it. Piano keyboard A percussion instrument. 71
People and society Theatre and dance Theatre began thousands of years ago in ancient Greece. Actors and dancers put on shows to entertain and inform people. Actors and acting Actors use their body, as well as the words, to create a character and Putting on a play is a long task. perform the scenes. First, the playwright writes the play. Then actors bring the story and the characters in the play to life. They also have to remember their words! These actors are playing two characters called Romeo and Juliet. Musical theatre Going to the theatre to see a musical is a special treat. Costumes help Musicals are an exciting to show when mixture of acting, dancing, and where the play’s action and song. This is a scene is happening. from the musical “Oliver!”. Who wrote the play “Romeo and Juliet”?
Theatre and dance Forms of dance There are many different types and styles of dance from all over the world. Japanese theatre Tap dancers wear metal- These actors are performing an ancient type capped shoes to make “tap” sounds. of Japanese play, called Kabuki. They wear beautiful costumes and mix acting, singing, Ballet is a graceful type of dance, set to dancing, and music to put on a dazzling show. music, that tells a tale. Indian dance Country and folk dances from around the Dancing is a way of telling world are lively and fun. a story or showing a feeling using movement and music. Flamenco is a dramatic This type of dancing, from Spanish dance set to the India, is made up of special sound of clicking castanets. movements and expressions. Jazz dance uses the rhythm and beat of jazz music to create an exciting dance. Puppet shows Puppet shows are a very old type of theatre. These glove puppets are simple to work. A hand inside makes the puppet move. One Punch finger works the puppet’s head, while two other Become fingers work the arms. an expert 70-71 Music 86-87 Ancient Judy Greece Punch and Judy are famous puppets from Britain. William Shakespeare.
People and society Clothes and fashion What are you wearing today? A Types of fabric T-shirt? Trousers? Trainers? Clothes Cotton is made of fibres can make you look good. They may from the cotton plant. The fabric is usually woven. also have a special job to do. Silk is a thin, soft fabric made from threads spun by silkworms. Leather is made from the skins of animals such as cows. Wool is made from the hair of sheep. It is often knitted to make clothes. Nylon and other artificial fabrics are made from chemicals. This Vietnamese This boy is wearing Indian casual clothes. girl is wearing a sari. A raincoat, Wellington boots, and umbrella are This French girl wears a useful when it rains. top and skirt for school. What do you wear? What you wear depends on where you live and what you are doing. People wear different clothes for keeping warm, staying cool, for playing sport, and for going to school. 74 What is a beret (“ber-reh”)?
Clothes and fashion Fashion shows Some people design clothes to look stylish or unusual. They are called fashion designers. They put on fashion shows where models show off their clothes. Uniforms Some people have to wear special clothes for work. These are called uniforms. This fire-fighter’s uniform protects Clothes for the cold against heat and flames. Do In cold climates, clothes you wear a uniform at school? were traditionally made from animal fur and This Masai girl from Tanzania is skins. Today, synthetic wearing her colourful national dress. (artificial) fabrics are often used instead. Children from the Arctic This beautiful need thick, fur-lined outfit is the clothes for warmth. national dress This girl is wearing a of a hill tribe kimono, the national from Vietnam. dress of Japan. National dress A country’s traditional clothes are called its national dress. In many countries, people only wear their national dress for festivals or other special occasions. A round, flat type of hat. 75
People and society Sport and leisure Football (also called soccer) is the most popular sport in the world. What do you do in your spare time? Do you enjoy a favourite sport? Or do you have fun with toys or play computer games? Spectator sports A spectator sport is a sport that people like to watch. Football, rugby, American football, baseball, and golf are all spectator sports. Team sports All of these spectator sports are played by Sn two teams of players. Snowboarders ow wear warm, baggy clothes. Baseball: teams score bo runs by batting. Fielders a rd wear a catching glove. er Basketball: points are s do scored by throwing the ball into a raised hoop (basket). am Plastic clips az attach the boot to the Football: each team tries in snowboard. to kick or head the ball gs into the other team’s net. pi ns Ice hockey: teams score Outdoor sports an goals by hitting a puck Snowboarding, rock climbing, d jum with flat sticks. canoeing, skiing, and sailing are outdoor sports. You need special equipment and ps. Rugby: teams score “tries” by carrying the oval ball clothes to do outdoor sports safely. along the pitch. 76 Which games are played with cues on a table?
Sport and leisure A control pad for a games console A small, motorized toy model boat Toys and games Children play with toys such Computer games as dolls, construction sets, and You play computer model vehicles. A game is often games on a games console played against one or more attached to a television, opponents – and can on a hand-held console, be challenging, as or on a personal computer. well as fun. You play chess What is your favourite with pieces on computer game? a board. Individual sports In these sports, people play on their own Playing against an opponent. Doll cards Tennis: players hit a ball with rackets. They must keep the ball in the court. Swimming: swimmers race each other up and down a pool. Golf: players hit a ball around a course, using as few shots as they can. Running: runners race against each other on Going to the movies a track or on roads. When new films are made, they are Table tennis: players hit first shown on large screens at cinemas. a ball with small bats. The Today, many films are made using game is played on a table. animation and special effects. Snooker, pool, and billiards. 77
People and society Working people What do you want to be when you grow up? All over the world, people do different kinds of work to earn the money to buy their food, clothes, and homes. Astronauts Astronauts are people who work in space. Some fly spacecraft. Others do science experiments in space. The astronauts in this picture are working inside a Space Shuttle. Market sellers There are markets selling food and other goods in almost every town and city. This man is selling fruit and vegetables from his market stall in Cairo, Egypt. 78 What do you call someone who writes books to earn a living?
Working people This vet is giving a cat a health check. Farmers The farmer’s Vets plough is All over the world, farmers grow If your pet is ill, you take it to the vet. Vets being pulled crops and raise animals. They grow by an ox. look after sick and injured animals. Some food for themselves and to sell at vets treat small animals, such as cats and market. This farmer is ploughing dogs. Others work with farm or zoo animals. his rice field in Thailand. Teachers This teacher is helping some Who is your favourite teacher? children to At school, teachers help you to learn to read. learn science, languages, and These other subjects. Teachers engineers are have to go to college to making a part for a power station. learn how to teach you! Teacher Pupils Engineers Engineers are people who design or make such things as cars, aeroplanes, machines, and buildings. To be an engineer, you need to be good at science and mathematics. An author. 79
History of people World of history The mummy mask of the Egyptian king, Tutankhamun History tells us the story of how Decorative people lived in the past. From the blue stones called lapis things they left behind, we can lazuli find out about their homes, food, clothes, work, and beliefs. Solid gold Early people Powerful kings About 10,000 years ago, groups of Many great civilizations people began to settle down in certain were ruled by powerful kings. places. They started to farm the land In ancient Egypt, the kings and to raise animals for food. were called pharaohs. They were so important Pe op Early farmers cut down the that people ripe wheat stalks with a le sickle made from a sharp worshipped lea flint stone set in a wooden handle. them as gods. rnt how to grow crops for o od f . Spanish galleon 80 Where did the Aztecs and Incas live?
World of history Greeks and Romans Curiosity quiz About 2,500 years ago, Look through the History ancient Greek culture of People pages and see e. flourished. Then the Romans if you can identify the ac grew in strength and ruled picture clues below. g sp over a great empire from Now people are explorin Rome in present-day Italy. The ancient Acropolis in Athens, Greece Explorers For centuries, people have travelled far and wide across the world. They went in search of new lands, goods to trade, and adventures. The first Space Shuttle flight was made in 1981 with a Shuttle called Columbia. 20th century The 20th century Become saw many new an expert inventions and 66-67 Writing discoveries being and printing made. People flew 280-281 Men on in space for the These coins were made by first time, and even the moon European explorers using the gold they discovered on their travels. walked on the Moon. In Central and South America. 81
History of people From apes to human beings Our oldest ancestors Early people looked like apes. The first human beings lived Homo Slowly, they became about two million years ago. habilis skull more human-like We do not know exactly and began to walk what they looked like, but upright on two legs. we do know how they lived. Neanderthal skull Cave shelters Early people used caves like these as shelters. Inside, the caves were safe and warm. Sometimes, people painted the walls with pictures Modern of the animals they hunted. human skull Flint A flint hand The first farmers blade axe from Egypt. Fire Until 10,000 years ago, people had to travel in search of food. Then they began to grow crops and keep animals for meat and milk. These people were the first Tools and fire farmers. We take fire and tools for granted, but early people had to learn how to make and use them. The first tools were stone hand axes, made about 600,000 years ago. This woman is grinding grain between two stones to make flour for bread. 82 How did early people start fires?
Early people The first cities Early inventions When people started growing their food, they Here are some of the were able to settle in one everyday things that place. They began to build early people used. houses, villages, and cities. One of the first cities was Dogs were first used Jericho in Jordan. for hunting about 10,000 years ago. Hunters and gatherers The first metal tools were made from copper Early people hunted woolly mammoths, cave about 10,000 years ago. bears, reindeer, and other animals for food. The first clay pots for They also collected fruit, nuts, and roots, storing water were made and caught fish. about 7,000 years ago. Become an expert 92-93 Aztecs, Incas, and The meat from Mayas a mammoth was enough to feed a family for a whole year. Hunters killed the mammoth with wooden spears. Ma ntin ro huange d mm g w th o us a wos rk! By rubbing two sticks or striking two stones together. 83
History of people Ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptians lived by the banks of the River Nile about 3,500 years ago. Their powerful rulers were called pharaohs. The pyramids The ancient Egyptians Beautifully believed in life after death. decorated mummy The pharaohs built magnificent tombs for themselves, called pyramids. Mummy Building skills of a cat Egyptian builders did not have modern tools and machines to help them. The workers carried huge stone blocks into place, or sent them on barges These men are carrying stone blocks for along the river. building, as the ancient Egyptians did. Mummification When an important Hands on person died, the body Try writing was “mummified”. out a message Some of the inside using only Egyptian parts were removed. hieroglyphics. You could also make up your own Then the body was set of hieroglyphic treated with chemicals symbols. and wrapped in bandages. 84 Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?
Ancient Egypt The Nile floods Hieroglyphics Each year, the River Nile flooded and spread rich, The Egyptians used black soil on its banks. picture writing called Farmers grew crops in the hieroglyphics. Symbols, soil and used the river such as those below, stood water to water their fields. for letters and sounds. A funeral barge Nile barges The River Nile were important ut across the a r es o in Egypt for transport. st des Hieroglyphic sound chart er t. ll sti x ah b c, k d phin The mysterious S ee, y f g h kh m n p r s t oo, u, w The Sphinx A huge stone statue, called the Sphinx, guards the pyramids at Giza. It has the body of a lion and a human head, which was modelled on the pharaoh’s The great Sphinx guards own features. the pyramid of a pharaoh called Khafra. To keep the body whole for the next life. 85
History of people Ancient Greece About 2,500 years ago, Greece was made up of powerful “city-states”, such as Athens and Sparta, which fought wars against each other. Greek buildings The ancient Greeks built beautiful temples where they worshipped their gods. This temple in Athens was built to honour the goddess Athena. Greek theatre Going to the theatre was very popular in ancient Greece. The Greeks wrote many plays, including tragedies and comedies. People watched their favourite plays in large outdoor theatres, like the one above. 86 Where were the first Olympic Games held?
Ancient Greece The Trojan War Greek mythology During a long war with The Greeks told many the city of Troy, the stories about their gods Greeks gave the Trojans and goddesses. a huge wooden horse Zeus was king of the gods as a gift. But the horse and chief of the 12 gods who was full of soldiers, lived on Mount Olympus. who attacked the Athena was goddess of Trojans as they slept. war, wisdom, and Athens. She helped heroes in battle. Helmet with nose Poseidon was the brother sol lle protector Th of Zeus and Hades and god e er se ca of the seas and earthquakes. di d s we ho Aphrodite was goddess of plit re love and beauty. She loved es. Ares, the god of war. Hades was god of the Underworld – the home of the dead in Greek legends. Strong, bronze Shield metal armour protected the body. Warriors Each city had Some shields were decorated an army, and with crests. war was part of daily life. Soldiers had to buy their own These leg weapons and armour, guards are called greaves. so they often came from rich families. In Olympia, Greece. 87
History of people The Romans The city of Rome The city of Rome is still a busy place, just as it was in ancient times. If you visit Ancient Rome began as a group Rome today, you can see of small villages along the River the ruins of the Forum, the Colosseum, and many other Tiber in Italy. It soon grew into splendid Roman buildings. a great and powerful city that ruled a mighty empire. The Forum Gladiators The Colosseum was a huge building in Rome where people went to watch wild beast shows and gladiator fights. Gladiators often fought to the death. Gladiators were armed with nets and spears, or small shields and swords. 50,000 people could sit and watch the fights in the arena. Lions and other wild animals were killed during the shows. What was a Roman villa?
The Romans Latin language Famous Romans The Romans spoke a language called Latin. Roman children Below, you can read learnt to write Latin by scratching about some of the most out letters on wooden boards that famous Romans of all. were covered in wax. This inscription is Spartacus was a slave written in Latin. who led an army of slaves against the Romans. The Roman Empire Asia Julius Caesar was a The Romans conquered Rome great general who ruled Europe Rome. He was murdered. a vast empire. They built this wall between Augustus was the first Roman emperor. After his Scotland and England death, he was made a god. to protect the boundary Africa The purple area on this map shows the size of their empire. of the Roman Empire in about 300 CE . Ovid was a Roman poet. He wrote many poems Hadrian’s Wall about myths and legends. Hadrian toured the empire and built walls and forts to guard it. A soldier’s sandals The Roman army The Romans had the best army in the world. Their soldiers conquered many countries and guarded the A standard empire. The (army flag) soldiers often had to march long distances. Roman roads In peacetime, Roman soldiers were kept busy building roads. Roads were important for moving the army around the empire. Roman roads were usually very straight. Some are still used today. A large house in the countryside. 89
History of people The Vikings Mast The Vikings lived more than 1,000 years ago. Their home The sail was made from wool or linen. was in Scandinavia, in northern Europe, but they are famous for their long sea journeys to distant lands. Viking travellers The Vikings were daring sailors and Longships explorers. They made fierce raids on the Viking boats countries of western Europe. They went were called in search of trade and new lands to live in – even as far away as North America. longships. They Ropes were built from Scandinavia wood, and were fast and strong Atlantic Ocean enough to cover Europe vast distances. North America The Vikings reached North America in about the year 1000 CE. A longship carried about 80 Vikings, who rowed and sailed the ship. 90 What is the Viking alphabet called?
The Vikings Warrior duty Being a brave warrior was very important to the Vikings. They could be called up to fight at any moment, so they always dressed Viking homes ready for battle. Viking families lived in houses made from wood, stone, or turf. A hole was left in the roof to let out Iron and wood spear smoke from the cooking fire. People sat on stools or benches around the fire and slept on raised beds. Viking warriors A small statue carried wooden Helmet with of a Viking god shields and wore noseguard called Frey armour made Story-telling from leather or Chain-mail To entertain each chain mail. shirt other, the Vikings told long stories about their heroes, gods, and great warriors. The stories were called sagas. Padded leather tunic Runes The Vikings carved poems and inscriptions using symbols called runes. Each rune was made of straight lines, so it was easy to carve them on wood or stone. Swords and spears were used for Round fighting. wooden shield Iron Long sword woollen socks Goat-skin shoes It is called “Futhark” (“foo-thark”). 91
History of people Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas Three great civilizations grew up in the ancient Americas. They were called the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas. These people built great cities and temples to their gods. Aztecs Mayas Aztec warrior Where did they live? headdress The Aztecs and Mayas ruled Inc as large parts of Mexico and Central America. The Inca Empire stretched along the west coast of South America. Aztec temple Aztec temples looked like pyramids, with steps leading to a shrine on top. Here, the Aztecs killed people and offered their hearts to the god of the Sun. This is Chicomecoatl, the Aztec goddess of maize. Gods and farming The Aztecs prayed to the gods to make their crops grow. Most important was maize (corn). It was ground into flour for making flat breads called tortillas. 92 How were the Incas like the ancient Egyptians?
Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas Spanish Spanish invasion galleon Inca gold In the 16th century, Spanish explorers came to the Americas. The Incas made objects Their arrival meant the end of from gold. The Spanish the Aztec, Maya, and Inca greed for gold led to the empires. Many people were end of the Inca empire. killed and their cities destroyed. Llamas were important to the Incas. They were used for wool and for transport. Gold armbands may have been worn by the Mayan cities bravest Inca warriors. The Maya built great Statues of Inca gods were made from gold to show cities, filled with honour towards them. magnificent stone temples, palaces, and squares. This is the Temple of the Great Ha nds on Jaguar in the Mayan Make an city of Tikal. Aztec headdress. Cut a Tikal is in Guatemala, South America. strip of card to go round your head and stick on  Inca farmers card feathers. Paint it This is the Inca city of Machu Picchu, and tape the ends together. high in the Andes mountains in Peru. Farmers grew crops in level fields cut into the mountainside. Maize, legumes (beans), and squash were their main crops. Ruins of Machu Picchu’s buildings can still be seen in Peru today. They made mummies. 93
History of people Types of castle The first castles were made from wood, but Knights and castles stone was stronger. Even for brave knights in the middle ages, attacking a castle was dangerous. French chateaux were magnificent royal homes, Thick walls kept them out, and the castle with moats and towers. archers had their bows and arrows ready. Norman keeps were stone towers, surrounded by thick castle walls. Castle design Japanese castles were Massive walls and towers made castles built by warrior lords and had decorative roofs. almost impossible for enemy soldiers to attack. Many castles were built on Battlements The Red Fort in India hills, so they were difficult to reach. was a palace with stone walls 30 m (100 ft) tall. Hands on Thick Tower walls Make a knight’s shield from a big piece of coloured card. Decorate the shield with your own coat of arms, cut out of silver paper. Jousting In peacetime, knights fought practice battles, called jousts, to train for war. They used poles (lances) to knock each other off their horses. 94 What was chain mail?
Knights and castles Helmet Buffalo Samurai warriors wore Knights horns armour made from coated wood or plates Knights were soldiers who fought of metal laced together. on horseback. They wore heavy armour made from iron and were armed with axes, swords, and spears. A knight used his sword to stab between the gaps in an enemy’s armour. Samurai warriors In Japan, knights were Leg called samurai. They guard (greave) were warriors who fought for a powerful Spur lord and followed a Samurai sword strict code of honour. Leather leg protector Archers fired arrows through slits in the walls. Lance Each knight had his own pattern, called his coat of arms. Shield Portcullis Moat Armour made from small loops of metal. 95
History of people British air force symbol 20th century The 20th century was the time from 1901 to 2000. In the 20th century there were many events, inventions, and discoveries that changed people’s lives for ever. Nuclear power The first nuclear power station was opened in 1954. Today, there A British fighter aircraft are about 400 of them in the from World War II world. These power stations make dangerous waste. Some people think they should be closed down. World wars There were two terrible world wars during the 20th century. World War I lasted from 1914 to 1918. Nearly three-quarters of France’s World War II lasted from electricity is made at nuclear power 1939 to 1945. Millions of stations. This one is on the River Seine. soldiers and civilians died in these wars. Thick armou This is Sirius, a ship owned and used by the rotects the ta r Greenpeace organization. The tracks stop the p nk. heavy tank sinking into mud. Tank 96 Who was the first person to go into space? And when?
20th century Pop music Advances The Beatles were one of the most successful pop groups Advances made in the of all time. In the 1960s, 20th century have made millions of people bought many people’s lives easier. their records. Performances on television also helped to Mobile telephones boost their fame. The Beatles and the Internet make split up in 1970. it easy to keep in touch. The Beatles playing live on television in New Medical advances help York, USA us to fight diseases and Man on the Moon recover from injuries. In 1969, astronauts visited the Moon for the first time. People all around Buzz Inventions such as the jet the world watched on television as Aldrin engine have made the astronauts stepped onto the travel fast and cheap. Moon’s grey, dusty surface. Sport became extremely popular, and many sports people became very famous. Buzz Aldrin was the Scientific discoveries, second man such as DNA, helped Space on the Moon. suit medicine and technology. The environment Some people began to worry about the damage that humans are doing to the environment. They formed organizations such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth. Nelson Mandela Technology There were many important Many new types political changes during the of technology were 20th century. Nelson Mandela developed in the 20th century. fought against an unfair Microchips were invented in political system in South the 1950s. They are used in Africa. He became president computers, televisions, stereos, of South Africa in 1994. and many other machines. A Russian cosmonaut (astronaut) called Yuri Gagarin in 1961. 97
Human body Your amazing body The greatest machine you’ll ever own is Become an expert. your body. It’s more complicated 106-107 Bones than any computer, it and muscles lasts for a lifetime, and 116-117 Eating and digestion it’s yours for free. Body parts Your body is made up of hundreds of different Hair parts. You probably know Forehead the names of the bits you Inside your body s can see, but there are Ear Eyebrows Doctors can see many more hidden inside your body deep inside you. with special cameras. Nose Eyes X-ray cameras take ks Chee pictures of hard body Lips parts like bones. Other Teeth cameras, called scanners, can see soft body parts. rs ge ds Fin an H Two of everything Body parts often come W rist in pairs. You have s two feet, two eyes, two ears, two lungs, and so on. This means you have a handy spare in case one of them gets damaged. A chest X-ray shows the bones in your chest. The white shape in the middle is the heart. 98 What do we call the study of the human body?