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Families- document of plant families with all characteristics and examples

Families based on chapter morphology of flowering plants class12

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Families Brassicaceae (Dicot) Fabaceae (Dicot) Solanaceae (Dicot) Malvaceae (Dicot) Poaceae (Monocot) Liliaceae (Monocot) Paramet er Mustard Family (Cruciferae) Pea/Pulse Family (Papilionoidae) Potato Family Cotton Family or Shoe flower family Grass Family (Gramineae) - Introduction Unique feature : Pungent juice in vegetative organs made of sulphur called sinigrin. Previously part of Leguminosae with Caesalpinoidae and Mimosoidae Widely distribute in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate zones 1 Habit Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Herbaceous plants. Herbs, shrubs, climbers, trees – Shisham Dalbergia sisoo Herbs, shrubs, small trees rarely trees. Annual or Biannual Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees Annual herbs (rice, wheat) Perennial herbs(sugarcane) rarely trees or shrubs – Bamboo (Bambusa tulda) Perennial herbs 2 Root Tap root Store food in radish- fusiform Tap root (Nodulated with N2 fixing Rhizobium) Tap root Solid/hollow – hairy or glabrous(smooth and shiny) Sometimes form tubers underground. Tap root -Profusely branched Adventitious roots or Fibrous roots. -Sugarcane and maize have stilt/brace roots for mech. Support. Fibrous or Adventitious 3 Stem Herbaceous-with pungent watery fluid Aerial Erect Branched Aerial -(Weak-climber from leaf tendrils as in pea) -(Erect) Rarely woody Herbaceous Branched Aerial Erect Bicollateral vascular bundles in stem Erect Cylindrical Branched Mucilaginous Star-shaped/stellate shoot hairs (trichomes) Perennial grasses- underground stem (rhizome) and runners) The aerial stem is erect and jointed with hollow internodes and solid nodes (culm) Cylindrical stem Underground stem Rhizome-(Gloriosa) Bulb- (Onion, garlic, Narcissus {Daffodils}) Corm- (Colocasia, Amorphophallus, Colchicum) 4 Leaf Simple Alternate Exstipulate Petiolate Reticulate Ven. Rarely simple – mostly pinnate compound. Alternate Stipulate Pulvinus leaf base Reticulate Ven. Leaves/Leaflets - Simple – rarely pinnate compound Alternate Exstipulate Reticulate Ven. Simple Alternate Stipulate Petiolate Reticulate Ven. Simple Alternate Exstipulate Sheathing leaf base Parallel Ven. Simple Alternate Exstipulate Sheathing leaf base Parallel Ven.
tendrils Hairy leaf Leaf may be entire or lobed palmately Isobilateral leaf Ligulate Basal, Linear 5 Inflorescenc e Simple raceme Raceme: mustard and radish Corymb: candy tuft and cauliflower Exception: (c. corymb) -Iberis -Brassica oleracea botrytis Raceme Solitary cyme Axillary Cymon (solanum) Solitary cyme, Helicoid cyme, Axillary racemose Spike of spikelet maize - male(spike of spikelets) female (spadix) Solitary cyme (lily) Umbellate cluster (onion)-sapigerous umbel 6 Flower Ebracteate Tetramerous Hypogynous Mostly Actinomorphic (Iberis-Zygomorphic) Ebracteate Bisexual Zygomorphic Pentamerous Hypogynous Complete Bisexual (Hermaphrodite) Pentamerous Hypogynous Actinomorphic Bracteate Actinomorphic Pedicellate Bisexual Pentamerous Hypogynous EPICALYX: 3-5 or 5-7, green and linear, absent in sida(weed) abutilon Smaller than calyx See later. Rachilla axis that bears 1-5 sessile florets. Glumes – sessisle bracts, a pair on each rachilla. Superior palea-w/o awn, upper fertile bract. Inferior palea – fertile, LEMMA, has awn for protection. Bracteate Bisexual Actinomorphic Hypogynous Trimerous Incomplete Perianth present Monochlamydous 7 Calyx 4 sepals in 2 whorls, 2 in each. Polysepalous Imbricate aestivation 5 sepals Gamosepalous Imbricate/ Valvate aestivation 5 sepals Gamosepalous Valvate aestivation Calyx is persistent 5 sepals Gamosepalous Valvate aestivation Basally connate/tubular Larger in size Perianth present Reduced and membranous Called lodicules 2 in most 3 in Bamboo Perianth present 6 tepals arranged in two whorls 3 in each whorl Polypetalous or Gamopetalous
Each Rachilla has only one pair of glumes. Each flower will have its own palea and lemma. Valvate aestivation 8 Corolla 4 petals in cruciform arrangement. Polypetalous. Clawed petals. Valvate aestivation. 5 petals Polypetalous Papilionaceous Vexillary Aestivation - standard petal (vexillum) (posterior) -wing petals (alae) (lateral) -keel petals (fused to form Carina) (anterior) 5 petals Gamopetalous Forms diff shapes Companulate, Infundibuliform and Rotate Valvate Aestivation 5 petals Polypetalous Mucilaginous Twisted/ Imbricate Aestivation 9 Androecium Polyandrous Stamens show variation in length. 6 stamens – Tetradynamous condition. 4 long – Antipetalous 2 short - Antisepalous Basifixed, introse 10 stamens 9 filaments are united in one bundle and da is not free. Didelphous condition. Dithecous. 5 stamens Polyandrous Epipetalous (Adhesion) Anthers – dithecous Infinite stamens. Monodelphous. Anthers free. Filaments fused. Epipetalous. Monolobed, Monothecous and kidney- shaped (Reniform) anther.Bisporangiate. Base of anther attached to filament. Basifixed 3 or 6 stamens Polyandrous Long filaments Versatile anther Dithecous. 6 - Oryza 6 stamens in 2 whorls having 3 each. Epiphyllous condition 10 Gynoecium Bicarpellary Syncarpous Superior ovary Ovary is initially unilocular but develops false septa, replum. Bifid stigma. Parietal Placentation Monocarpellary Unilocular ovary. Superior ovary - Hypogynous Single style. Many ovules in two alternate rows. Marginal placentation Bicarpellary Syncarpous Superior ovary Oblique ovary Swollen placenta Bilocular ovary Axile placentation Pentacarpellary Syncarpous Superior ovary Multi-locular ovary(5locules) Each locule has many locules Axile placentation Style is long and remains within staminal tube. Stigma is pentafid and hairy. 2 feathery stigma. Short style. Tricarpellary Monocarpellary (due to fusion of three carpels) Syncarpous Superior ovary Unilocular Basal placentation Tricarpellary Syncarpous Superior ovary Trilocular Many ovules in one compartment Axile placentation 11 Fruit Siliqua/Silicula Dry and dehiscent. Legume/Pod Simple, dry, dehiscent Berry – Tomato, Brinjal, Chilly Loculicidal capsule Simple, dry and dehiscent Caryopsis – simple, dry, single-seeded, indehiscent Capsule, rarely berry
Dehiscence starts from base. Siliqua is elongated- common Silicula is rectangular (e.g. Capsella) fruit. Dehiscence along both margins. Lomentum – constricted compartments – groundnut. Capsule – Datura (Simple, dry, dehiscent) fruit. Pericarp fused with seed coat. Berry- Bamboo Nut- Dendrocalamus 12 Seed Many, Non-endospermic Many, Non-endospermic Many, endospermic 1 to many, endospermic Single-seeded, endospermic Shield shape cotyledon called scutellum. Many, Endospermic 13 Floral Formula 14 Floral Diagram 15 Examples ORNAMENTAL Iberis amara – Candy tuft : ornamental Alyssum Capsella Cherianthus EDIBLE OIL Brassica campestris – Sarson : seeds used for PULSES: Gram, arhar (regram), sem (bean), moong (black gram), soyabean. FODDER: Trifolium – Clover Sesbania Phaseolus FOOD: Potato, Tomato, Brinjal SPICES: Chilli TOBACCO: Nicotiana tabacum Masticatory, fumigatory and source Hibiscus rosa-sinensis – China rose/shoe flower : ornamental, under trees Hibiscus cannabinus – Patsun : bast fibre, madras hemp Gossypium arboretum – Cotton : seed surface fibres used as cotton Triticum aestivum = T. vulgaris (bread wheat) gift of old world to new world, natural hexaploidy carrying genome of 3 parents Oryza sativa(Paddy) : Chief cereal of India, cultivated by Edible- Asparagus Medicinal – Aloe vera ( source of aloin) antiseptic Ornamental – Gloriosa, Tulip, Lily Source of Colchicine – corm of Colchicum
mustard oil FOOD & SPICE: Brassica nigra – Black sarson : spice Brassica oleracea var. capitata – Cabbage : vegetable plant, leaves edible Brassica oleracea var. botrytis – Cauliflower : Inflorescence used as vegetable Brassica oleracea var. gongyloids – Ganthgobhi : swollen nodes eaten (caulorapa) Raphanus sativus – Radish (fusiform) : roots eaten Brassica rapa – Turnip (napiform) : fleshy roots eaten Brassica juncea – Indian Rye : spices MEDICINAL Sissymbrium Nasturtium Erica sativa Cherianthus cheiri : medicinal – used to treat bronchial disorders Also ornamental as wallflower. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) EDIBLE OIL: Soyabean, groundnut, etc. DYE: Indigofera FIBRE: Crotalaria (Sunhemp) ORNAMENTAL: Lupine, sweet pea MEDICINAL: Muliathi (glycirrhiza glabra) SPICES: Trigonella (Fenugreek) of nicotine (alkoid) MEDICINE: Belladona (Atropa) Ashwagandha (Withania Somniferum) ORNAMENTAL: Petunia Hyoscamus niger (Henbane) Cestrum Nochurnum (night queen) Solanum xanthocarpum Gossypium herbaceum – Old world cotton Gossypium hirsutum – New world cotton Gossypium barbadense – New world cotton ORNAMENTAL: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis – China rose/shoe flower : ornamental, under trees Thespesia populnea – ornamental tree Malva sylvestris – ornamental Althea rosea – Hollyhock : ornamental FIBRE: Gossypium arboretum – Cotton : seed surface fibres used as cotton Hibiscus cannabinus – Patsun : bast fibre, madras hemp FOOD: Abelmoschus esculentus – Lady’s finger : vegetable G. hirsutum – oil New world cotton MEDICINAL: Abutilon indicum – medicinal Urena rependa – used to treat hydrophobia WEED: Sida cordifolia – weed transplantation, prefers waterlogged crop field, bran oil obtained from husk, golden rice is genetically modified paddy, grains are rich in vitamins Zea mays (maize): gift of new world to old world, unisexual inflorescence long style Hordeum vulgare – Barley (oldest among cultivated plants) Pennisetum typhoideum – Pearl millet or Bajra : food crop, straw used as fodder Sorghum vulgare – Jowar: used as fodder Saccharum officinarum – Sugarcane : cultivated for sugar production Bambusa/Bamboo – tallest grass, monocarpic plant autumnale – mitotic poison – arrest at metaphase Smilax Heterosmilax Yucca(dragon plant) Dracaena (dagger plant) Onion (Allium cepa) Garlic (Allium sativum) Daffodils (Narcissus) Colocasia Agave (century plant) – monocarpic – flowers once in lifetime. Amorphophallus
Families- document of plant families with all characteristics and examples