Excel and research

USING MICROSOFT
EXCEL WITH BUSINESS
RESEARCH METHODS
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

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MENU BAR
FORMULA BAR
STANDARD TOOLBAR
FORMATTING TOOLBAR
ACTIVE CELL

The Paste Function Provides
Numerous Statistical
Operations

The Statistical Function
Category

Data Analysis
Dialog Box
• Click on “Tools”
• Select “Data Analysis”
• Select statistical operation
o such as Histogram

Functions
• Functions are predefined formulas for
mathematical operations
• They perform calculations by using
specific values, called arguments
• Arguments indicate data or a range of
cells
• Arguments are performed, in a
particular order, called the syntax.

Functions
• Functions are predefined formulas for
mathematical operations
• They perform calculations by using
specific values, called arguments
• Arguments are performed, in a
particular order, called the syntax.
• For example, the SUM function adds
values or ranges of cells

Easy to Use Paste Functions
• AVERAGE (MEAN)
• MEDIAN
• MODE
• SUM
• STANDARD DEVIATION

Functions
• The syntax of a function begins with the
function name
• followed by an opening parenthesis
• the arguments for the function
• separated by commas
• a closing parenthesis.
• If the function starts a formula, an equal
sign (=) is typed before the function
name.

The Equal Sign Then The
Function Name And
Arguments
• =FUNCTION (Argument1)
• =FUNCTION (Argument1,Argument2)

Arguments
• Typical arguments are numbers, text,
arrays, and cell references.
• Arguments can also be constants,
formulas, or other functions.

The AVERAGE Function
Located in the Statistical Category

Data Array
• The data appear in cells A2 through 14
• A2:A14
• Sometimes written with dollars signs
• $A$2:$A$14

Sum, Average, and Standard
Deviation
• =FUNCTION (Argument1)
• =SUM(A2:A9)
• =AVERAGE(A2:A9)
• =STDEVA(A2:A9)

SUM Function
Sales Call Example

AVERAGE (Mean) Function
Sales Call Example

Standard Deviation Function
Sales Call Example
Variance s2: (algebraic, scalable computation)
Standard deviation s is the square root of variance s2
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• Variance
• Standard deviation: the square root of the variance
– Measures spread about the mean
– It is zero if and only if all the values are equal
– Both the deviation and the variance are algebraic
26www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

27
Data Dispersion Characteristics
• Motivation
– To better understand the data: central tendency, variation and spread
• Data dispersion characteristics
– median, max, min, quantiles, outliers, variance, etc.
• Numerical dimensions correspond to sorted intervals
– Data dispersion: analyzed with multiple granularities of precision
– Boxplot or quantile analysis on sorted intervals
• Dispersion analysis on computed measures
– Folding measures into numerical dimensions
– Boxplot or quantile analysis on the transformed cube

28
Measuring the Central Tendency
• Mean
– Weighted arithmetic mean
• Median: A holistic measure
– Middle value if odd number of values, or average of the middle two
values otherwise
– estimated by interpolation
• Mode
– Value that occurs most frequently in the data
– Unimodal, bimodal, trimodal
– Empirical formula:
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29
Measuring the Dispersion of Data
• Quartiles, outliers and boxplots
– Quartiles: Q1 (25th percentile), Q3 (75th percentile)
– Inter-quartile range: IQR = Q3 – Q1
– Five number summary: min, Q1, M, Q3, max
– Boxplot: ends of the box are the quartiles, median is marked, whiskers,
and plot outlier individually
– Outlier: usually, a value higher/lower than 1.5 x IQR
• Variance and standard deviation
– Variance s2: (algebraic, scalable computation)
– Standard deviation s is the square root of variance s2
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Boxplot Analysis
• Five-number summary of a distribution:
Minimum, Q1, M, Q3, Maximum
• Boxplot
– Data is represented with a box
– The ends of the box are at the first and third quartiles,
i.e., the height of the box is IRQ
– The median is marked by a line within the box
– Whiskers: two lines outside the box extend to
Minimum and Maximum

31
A Boxplot
A boxplot

32
Visualization of Data Dispersion:
Boxplot Analysis

33
Mining Descriptive Statistical Measures in Large
Databases
• Variance
• Standard deviation: the square root of the variance
– Measures spread about the mean
– It is zero if and only if all the values are equal
– Both the deviation and the variance are algebraic
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34
Histogram Analysis
• Graph displays of basic statistical class descriptions
– Frequency histograms
• A univariate graphical method
• Consists of a set of rectangles that reflect the counts or frequencies of
the classes present in the given data

35
Quantile Plot
• Displays all of the data (allowing the user to assess both the
overall behavior and unusual occurrences)
• Plots quantile information
– For a data xi data sorted in increasing order, fi indicates
that approximately 100 fi% of the data are below or equal
to the value xi

36
Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) Plot
• Graphs the quantiles of one univariate distribution against
the corresponding quantiles of another
• Allows the user to view whether there is a shift in going from
one distribution to another

37
Scatter plot
• Provides a first look at bivariate data to see clusters of
points, outliers, etc
• Each pair of values is treated as a pair of coordinates and
plotted as points in the plane

38
Loess Curve
• Adds a smooth curve to a scatter plot in order to provide
better perception of the pattern of dependence
• Loess curve is fitted by setting two parameters: a smoothing
parameter, and the degree of the polynomials that are fitted
by the regression

39
Graphic Displays of Basic Statistical
Descriptions
• Histogram: (shown before)
• Boxplot: (covered before)
• Quantile plot: each value xi is paired with fi indicating that
approximately 100 fi % of data are  xi
• Quantile-quantile (q-q) plot: graphs the quantiles of one
univariant distribution against the corresponding quantiles of
another
• Scatter plot: each pair of values is a pair of coordinates and
plotted as points in the plane
• Loess (local regression) curve: add a smooth curve to a
scatter plot to provide better perception of the pattern of
dependence www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Proportion
• =COUNT
• =COUNTIF
• DIVIDE COUNTIF BY COUNT
• =D3/D2

Frequency Distributions
• There are alternative ways of
constructing frequency distributions
• COUNTIF function
• HISTOGRAM function

=COUNTIF(A6:A134,1)
=D4/D9*100

Histogram Function
• Tools -Data Analysis-Histogram
• Bins

The bins are the
frequency
categories

Text Labels Can Be Included
or Excluded From Input Range

The Descriptive Statistics
Function

SEVERAL ROWS OF DATA ARE HIDDEN

Correlation Coefficient, r = .75

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