Evidences of Evolution | Human Chromosome 2 Fusion | Endogenous Retroviruses | Tiktaalik | Whale Evolution | Vestigial Structure | Homologous Organs | Carl Sagan

Evolution (sÍgchlH)
 
igi-qft qafls ykadT (heritable
 
geneticchanges) ald , forG yfUTHRA
 
Evolution aT Hdei 4G fi h individual
 
HUt t46TGI À "evolve" ahtGlT
IEvolution
 
generations
 
population
 
"Evolution is a fact, not a theory."
 
"facaTHAG (Evolution) y afts g
 
- Carl Sagan
 
Gb
 
(hate XIY. Pie 3) (ate XIV. Fg 1)
 
Orangostng. Chimpana
 
Faa,
,
 
(Tade XIVY.
e. 2) (Hate XY. rie 4)
 
Gorila.
 
H
HII
 
SCAN TO JOIN
 
TELEGRAM CHANNEL

Evidences ofEvolution
 
1. Human Chromosome 2
Fusion
 
A Genetic Signature of Common Ancestry
 
4qt gi 46 chromosomesataž, vafa gAR closest lIving
 
ape relatlves TT4G: 48 chromosomes atà
 
Human chromosome 2 molecular evidence fAdl
 
fah 48 <t ancestral chromosomes head-to-head fuslon
 
*qT TI5HT sequence ancestral fuslon afr ys
 
vestiglal/inactlvated centromere Hhd frdi
 
Chromosome 2 telomere sequences frert ,tt chromosome ends
 
HEAqof ara: Human chromosome 2 at y6 agT
fZI chimpanzee qs chromosome
 
è match Kat Ir rH eVOlution prediction grft:
 
Chimp chromosomeA + Chimp chromosome B Human chromosome 2
 
4í evidence at
TdT fa Ha aT chromosome 2, HT3r fiyisi
 
common ancestor ft rTI|-HT chromosomes s G
TI
 
aI< HAa lineaget ichromosomes HTG fuse sleR YE
 
chromosome - Human Chromosome 2 T
,
afer fuiuft lineage T f e-HT
 
chromosomes ygž Ruist à ga
4i chromosomes
 
Ha chromosome 2 HAT: HeT-34oT fR A match hà ži
 
DNA regions,

Chromosomal
Mutation
Events
Superimposed
on
the
Ape
Phylogeny
 
Reversal
 
Event
2
 
Fusion
 
Event
3
 
Bottom
part
of
 
chromosome
 
"flipped
 
over"
 
upper
 
Upper
&
Lower
 
chromosomes
 
become
joined
 
together.
 
Reversal
Event1
 
4-6
Myr
 
Fusion
 
Event
3
 
Top
part
of
lower
 
chromosome
 
"lipped
over"
 
AReversal
Event
2
 
46-8
Myr
 
I
Reversal
Event
1
 
IIIUDCIID
 
-12-15
Myr
 
Adapted
from
 
http://info.mcmaster.calmlou/ltslintro.html
and
 
Pääbo,
Svante
(2003)
Nature,
421,
409-412.
 
Orang-utan
 
Gorilla
 
Chimp
 
Human
 
Chromosome
diagrams
adapted
from
Yunis
&
Prakash,
 
(1982),
Science,
215
(1525-1530)

Endogenous Retroviruses
 
(34T DNA Ancient Viral Fossils)
 
2.
 
hs ancient retroviruses FHTR
Y â germ-line cells
 
H4T genetic materialintegrate h iq HT DNA
 
inherited z3T, at ag descendants genomes
 
#
ancient viral sequences t Endogenous
 
Retroviruses (ERVS)haI GIII Vertebrate
 
genomes zR ancient retroviral sequences Yry là I
 
u8 evolution fq afdy Hsyuf ifes genome
 
ancient viral remnants t comparative genomics
 
evolutionary history qngt fay gte fasar T
HTI I
 
Canis lupus familiaris
 
Felis catus
 
Ros tounus
 
Sus scrofa
 
Mus musculus
 
Rattus norvegicus
 
Homo sapiens
 
Monodelphis domestica
 
Mammalian phylogeny
 
170
 
188
 
200
 
210
 
13
 
401
 
425
 
90
 
90
 
G
HAhdl
l
 
620
 
517
 
173
 
Ancestral (shared) ERV
 
elements
 
Specific ERV
 
elements
 
372
 
Endogenous retrovirus elements
 
TH
 
345
 
360

3. Tiktaalik – Fish Tetrapods â Transition
 
Tiktaalik roseae T
375 million years yrT fossil i
 
FH fish et characteristics r-GrY
 
anatomical features f frà t later tetrapods
 
fm Hgqof tt neck, skull, ribs tr
 
limb-like skeletal structuresI fishR
 
early four-limbed vertebrates evolutionary
 
transition HHt HHquf fossil GIAII

4. Whale Evolution
 
From Land Mammals to Aquatic Giants -
 
Whales UrHE Hg HAHT fi gi Fossil record
 
mammals rrd foâ anatomy terrestrial mammals sir
 
increasingly aquatic whales evolutionary transitions
 
3ei terrestrial mammal ancestry str Hhd aft :
 
Whales fish t AE gills Ti, afes lungs zarata t žI
 
Blowhole:
 
3Hâ TG feR 3h4R shift slr blowhole a T,
 
pelviss ir hind-limb bones vestigial
 
g, gafaà
 
Modern whales
 
remnants
 
3461 2Tr yt ag aquatic sftar far modified ,
 
Iaht mammalian skeletal features ft
ft yKI
 
DNA evidence:
 
t
 
Whales mammals 35T evolutionary relationship
 
terrestrial mammals TN genomic
 
Fossil evidence:
 
Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus
 
fossils whale lineage land-dwelling
 
aquatic forms evolutionary history
 
extinct
 
r
Basilosaurus e
 
increasingly
 
H< hà
žI

Diacodexis
 
Pakicetus
 
Ambulocetus
 
Dorudon
 
Balaena
 
Pelvis and
 
hindlimb
 
Pelvis and
 
hindlimb
 
FIGURE 3.18. A series of fossils from the Eocene (-50 Mya) hippo-like artiodactyl (Diacodexis,
 
top) to a skeleton of the modern whale (e.g., Balaena, bottom) shws how mammals adapted to
 
life in the sea. Among the most important changes, the pelvis and hindlimbs were reduced, the
 
tail was lengthened for swimming, and the jaws were modified for feeding on plankton.

5.
 
Example:
 
A. Coccyx (Tailbone)
-
 
Vestigial Structures - Traces of
 
Evolutionary History
 
HH4 TY humans
 
TGT TE tail
 
attachment
 
ancestors external tail T
HHIA Bt TI
 
5TH
T Ht, fe gs muscles str ligaments
 
gât AT I
 
Sacrum
 
Coccyx (Tailbone) Location
 
Spine
 
Ilium
 
Coccyx
 
(Tailbone)

B. Goosebumps
 
FHTR furry ancestors rtR R TgT GUIGI AIT AI
 
for ftaft goosebumps reflex gHR nervous system tg I
 
auÈ TGEar(Goosebumps)

C. Ear Muscles
 
FHR H mammalian ancestors ru hr re-4T AT
 
T
HGd IHumans muscles reduced TI T
ft
 
nd
 
Auricularis
 
superior muscle
 
Temporoparietal
 
fascia
 
Anterior
 
4.1 cm
 
D. Appendix
 
Central
 
4.5 cm
 
Width
 
4.9 cm
 
Smal
 
intestine
 
Posterior
 
4.0 cm
 
FHTR ancestors diet plant materialt process t fay cecum
 
GI HBayuf TIEvolution human diet str digestive system
 
t
 
useless Himmune system t yft ft
gt t1
 
zefa gà reduced/modified evolutionary structure hg IGI H I
 
Large
 
irtestine
 
Appendix

E. Wisdom Teeth
 
irrt molars rt wisdom teeth 3 HHT Gfaftti grinding surface
 
¿ Hehà ti Modern humans jaws stt
 
F. Whale Pelvic Bones
 
1st
 
Molar
 
Pelvis
 
Tg, afari wisdom teeth
 
2nd
 
Molar
 
Femur
 
3rd
 
Molar
 
Impacted wisdom teeth
 
Whales g
ancestors land-dwelling mammals str TTthind limbs atà I
 
HHY TY T4h ancestors qTti t farg adapted g sir aigt hind limbs 4a
 
t Tqi whales erâr â pelvic bones TGT f tg ti aTGT walking
 
fary i, afees yerd: reproductive muscles attachment q nt žI

G. Python Pelvic Bones e
 
Pythons ancestors ft functional hind limbs are snakes
 
Evolution r agT legsTT IYT B Tg,
fah 3T remnants rft
 
sft ggI Python st pelvic bones atr ag tr sit spurs far
 
<t it limbed ancestors â evolutionary history i evidence

H. Human Male Mammary Glands
 
FHIR TR mammary glands a basic developmental program
 
male r
female embryos s zlar l Females puberty
 
development HeT F hTRUT HTT-4A: fully functional
 
HdigHfey male nipples/mammary tissue t developmental
 
evolutionary remnant 4 H4T GT HhdT I
 
Lymph nodes
 
I. Human Body Hair
 
Nipple
 
Areola
 
Anatomy of the Male Breast
 
body hair arqHTT MuTr 4 functions
 
body hair qdetR A
Conspicuous Ta
 
-46FHTR hairy ancestors ât faeHd ŽI
 
Chest wall
 
Ribs
 
-Muscle
 
-Fatty tissue
 
Areola
 
Nipple
 
Ducts
 
IGT HEyuf eI Humans
 
f ft hair follicles rr gg
 
fdcaiT

J. Plica Semilunaris ®
 
mammals š y
Grt ar
 
ifta ti a animals
 
Upper
 
eyelid
 
Sclera
 
Lower
 
eyelid
 
thirdeyelid (nictitating membrane) èevolutionaryu
 
g membrane sa f protection sr cleaning H4
 
BIOLOGY.LIFE
 
Iris
 
Pupil
 
Plica
 
semilunaris
 
papilla
 
Lacrimal
 
caruncle
 
Lacrimal
 
PLICA SEMILUNARIS
 
Human
Vs
Birds

N. Darwin's Tubercle
 
Darwin's tubercle hEI GIlGI Ià primate/mammalian ear morphology r
 
Fefa t vestigial structure Hg HTOT
HF aSITU evolutionary
 
Darwin's Tubercle
 
Pixie Ear Lobe Deformity
 
Darwin's tubercle

6. DNA Similarity & Evolutionary Trees
 
DNA – Molecular Evidence for Common Ancestry
 
R
species common ancestor , t t genomes inherited similarities fAert
 
ràeT at
Generally, closely related organisms & DNA sequences fas similar
 
att ,str molecular data a T evolutionary relationships biological evidence
 
Human
 
Humans And Chimpanzees
 
Share Roughly 98 -
99% Of The
 
Same DNA Sequences.
 
7Natural Selection Evolution
 
Examples:
 
INDNINDN
 
Antibiotic resistance
 
Evolution Rrs fossils arf arftf Tit Populations generations à a
 
inherited variants frequency açe Hhcf
 
Chimpanzee
 
Insecticide resistance
 
Darwin's finches
 
Guppy populations
 
Happening Today
 
UC Berkeley evolution teaching material natural selection, laborat ory/
 
wild populations, speciation strfossil record t evolution evidence /process

8. Homologous Organs
 
Homologous organs str evolutionary eI ATT At t, far He-YGT
 
Example: Human arm, whale flipper, bat wing str horse foreleg -
 
g
FAhumerus,radius, ulna reft basic bones T similar arrangement freat
 
gAAT 5TH re :
human g, whale swimming, bat gT sR horse eTI 4E
 
similarity A I evidence fà A organisms common ancestor ft basic limb
 
structure tyg ft, frt e-HeT lineages HeT functions & fry modify faati
 
HUMAN
 
CHEETAH
 
WHALE
 
BAT
 
Allare Mammals

9. FossilEvidence
 
Fossils yeTt organisms preserved remains I 3Tt traces gà,
 
layers AeT-HET HY & organisms fAtd &, str a fossils yert
 
3R TÉ Characteristics combination f&eT I
 
Example:
 
Tiktaalik fish t features TY tetrapod ft features ft efi,
 
Gafea whale fossils terrestrialancestors aquatic whales
 
evolutionary transition f&H i gH aG fossils zi evolutionary
 
history aI chronological record t ir common ancestry
 
strong evidence HqIH GRd i
 
Archaeopteryx TT 150 million years yIHT fossil à, f
 
dinosaurs 3R modern birds f evolutionary transition
 
features-feathers sir wings-- r theropod dinosaur
 
et features - ¿a, tat bony tail str clawed fingers ft efii
 
Ut H
HÌgroups characteristics at combination fAGI
 
seife Archaeopteryx evolution îr birds ât dinosaur
 
ancestry t HH 1 ye classic fossil evidence I
 
fossilrecord
 
Toothed beak
 
(reptilian
 
character)
 
Airfoil wing
 
with contour
 
feathers
 
(avian character)
 
Wing claw
 
(reptilian character)
 
Long tail with
 
many vertebrae
 
(reptilian character)

1. " We Are Made of Star Stuff "
 
q HErt qt ot TEef Carl Sagan faart R
 
go Hydrogen atoms arr afse 34 a Hydrogen atoms yug aqEA HA -0, N, P, S,
 
Carl Sagan said
 
CARL SAGAN -
J4 aIR T YT I

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Evidences of Evolution | Human Chromosome 2 Fusion | Endogenous Retroviruses | Tiktaalik | Whale Evolution | Vestigial Structure | Homologous Organs | Carl Sagan

Evidences of Evolution | Human Chromosome 2 Fusion | Endogenous Retroviruses | Tiktaalik | Whale Evolution | Vestigial Structure | Homologous Organs | Carl Sagan

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