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Era of one party dominance

The document discusses the establishment of a democratic framework in India post-independence, highlighting the significance of the Indian Constitution adopted in 1950 and the formation of the Election Commission to conduct free elections. It details the first general election held from 1951 to 1952, where the Indian National Congress won the majority, establishing Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister. The text also addresses the emergence of opposition parties and their influence on political dynamics, including key groups like the Socialist Party, Communist Party of India, and others.

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ERA OF ONE PARTY DOMINANCE Politics in India since independence
SECOND CHALLENGE FOR INDEPENDENT INDIA • The second challenge for the Independent nation was to establish a democratic framework • We have a representative democracy where the citizens are entitled the right to vote and they can elect the representative of their choice whom they find fit to rule the nation. • India has a Parliamentary form of government which has indirect support of theParliament. • All the features ensure that the political competition would take place in the democratic framework where the final power lies within the hands of the citizens. • The major challenge was to develop democratic practices according to the newly made Constitution
ADOPTION OF CONSTITUTION • The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949, and was signed on 24 january 1950. • The Constitution laid rules about how the government is to be elected, and how the citizens are to be ruled. • For conducting free and fair elections a functional unit was established- the election Commission of India, in 1950. • Sukumar sen became the first chief election Commissioner. • The first general election was expected soon.
THE FIRST GENERAL ELECTION • The first step was to mark the boundaries of the constituencies, this is known as delimitation. • In the electoral roll (list containing names of eligible voters) 40 lakh women were not recorded. • So the Election Commission refused these lists and ordered to revise them. • There were 17 crore eligible voters, which were about to elect 3,200 MLAs and 489 members of Lok sabha. • Around 3 lakh officers and polling staff were trained to conduct the election. • The first general election was t
ELECTION :- A BIG MAMMOTH TASK • The first election was held from October 1951 to February 1952. • It took 6 months for campaigning, polling and counting of votes. • There were on an average 4 candidates for each seat.
DOMINANCE OF CONGRESS • In the first general election the Indian National Congress won the majority seats and Jawahar Lal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India • Indian National Congress gained support of all the sections of the society as they were actively participating in the National Movement. • The Congress won 364 seats in Lok Sabha. • After the state election the Congress failed to get majority seats In states Travancore- Cochin, Madras and Orissa. The Indian National Congress wOn the elections of 1957 and 1962 constructively
INCLUSIVE NATURE OF CONGRESS • The Congress consisted of various groups of society such as peasants and Industrialist, Urban dwellers and people from villages , workers and owners , middle lower and upper classes and castes. • This also came to be known as Rainbow like social coalition . • Congress also represented diverse ideologies such as conservative and radical , Revolutionary and pacifist, extremists and moderates the left and right wings.
MANAGEMENT OF FACTIONS • The main principles of coalition are :- compromise and inclusiveness. • INC tolerated internal differences in ideologies. • The group(s) which were not happy with the policies or ideas of Congress remained in the party rather than making opposition. • The groups inside the party are called factions. • The presence of these factions in the party strengthened their position.
OPPOSITION PARTIES • The opposition parties emerged in 1950s. Advantages of opposition:- • The opposition parties criticised the policies and practices of ruling party. • They helped in maintaining balance of power within the Congress. • They helped in improving the ruling leaders • In the first general elections opposition included leaders like Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
FEW OPPOSITION PARTIES
SOCIALIST PARTY • This party emerged within the Congress as Congress Socialist Party in 1934. • The young leaders within the Party wanted a more radical and egalitarian Congress. • In 1948, an amendment was made restricting dual party membership. • So, the socialists formed the Socialist Party. • IDEOLOGY:- Democratic socialism ; criticised Congress for their inclination towards capitalist and landlords. • Leaders:- Rammanohar Lohia, Asoka Mehta
THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA • The communists in 1920s concluded that socialism is solution to all problems. • In 1935, they worked under the Indian National Congress. • In 1941, they supported British in the war with Nazis. • In 1951, they participated in general elections and became the opposition by winning 16 seats. • Leaders :- A. K. Gopalan, S. A. Dange, P. C. Joshi
SWATANTRA PARTY • The party emerged in 1959. • Aims:- Land ceiling, take over of food grain trade by state, adoption of cooperative farming • They wanted a government which had less participation in controlling the economy. • They focused on individual freedom and expansion of free private sector. • Leaders:- C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi
BHARTIYA JANA SANGH • The party was established in 1951, by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. • IDEOLOGY:- One country = one culture = one nation • They opposed granting concession to religious and cultural minority. • They focused on nuclear weapon development • Leaders:- Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Deen Dayal Upadhyay, Balraj Madhok