This document discusses end-to-end testing and why it is important for complex modern software systems with multiple interconnected subsystems. End-to-end testing ensures that all subsystems work together as expected by testing user journeys that trigger actions across systems. It recommends planning end-to-end test cases that think through scenarios from start to finish and avoid adding unnecessary tests. Automating end-to-end test cases is difficult but valuable as it can catch issues that arise from system interactions.