Peatland management for sustainability

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Peatlands management and
sustainability
Marcel Silvius, Programme Head Climate-smart Land-use Programme
IPS, Tullamore, 8 ...

Wetlands International
A global conservation NGO dedicated to
“sustain and restore wetlands for people and nature”

Peatlands around the world
Peatlands globally store twice the carbon stored in forests

Peat swamp typical for Atlantic forest of Brazil
and countries of the Guyana shield

Congo basin

Peat swamp forest
in Maputa land, Southern Africa
Valley peats in
St Lucia National Park
South Africa

Temperate zone peatlands

Uganda
Belarus
Malaysia
China
Peatland drainage & climate

Degrading peatlands: a global issue
Hotspots of CO2 emissions (annual)
• 400 million ha peatlands world wide
• 15% (50 mil...

10
Peat CO2 emissions from drainage
(without fires)
IPCC
5% of all human induced emissions globally

Close look at Europe
Data: H. Joosten and J. Couwenberg

Peatlands in Europe are often modified land
Consequences:
• 2% of EU’s agricultural on drained peat causes 70% of EU’s
agr...

Perverse subsidies in Germany and the EU
• Wide-spread maize cultivation on drained peat for biogas production
• Used for ...

Peat extraction
Always unsustainable (loss of carbon store)

Always seek optimal use of alternatives
TheNetherlan
Total: 4.2 Millio
Soil&growingmedia
Total: 35 Million cubic meter
Ene...

Optimal replacement of peat in growing media
• EU subsidises the burning of millions of tonnes of high quality
compost
• T...

Leakage and indirect land-use change
Is stopping extraction in Germany a solution?
It will lead to additional extraction o...

• RPP
 For high added value applications
 transparency
 certification
• Can there be a win-win?
 Help restore degraded...

Where can there be RPP?
?
?

Never
Not
allowable,
unless…
Generally
allowable,
unless….
Always
allowed

Creating an after-use outcome that is better
than the situation pre-extraction
NET POSITIVE IMPACT

Biomass ≠ sustainable bioenergy
If using high quality compost materials that could be used to replace peat
in growing medi...

Towards European Action on Peatlands
Conservation:
• Establish system of effective peatland conservation
Representation o...

Close look at South-east Asia

Most (60%) tropical PSF is in SE Asia; mainly Sumatra & Borneo

SE Asia’s remaining primary PSF is mainly limited to Brunei
Belait peat swamp forest, Brunei

SE Asian peat forests have high species biodiversity!

• 11% of plants found in PSF are endemic to PSF
• 14% of freshwater fish in PSF are point endemics
• 45% mammals / 33% bir...

Dragonfly
endemism in PSF
Podolestes atomariusElattoneura erythroma Amphicnemis platystyla
Amphicnemis spec. novum
Prodasi...

Sout-east Asia
Most of
South-east
Asian
peatlands

Impact of peatland drainage: oxidation and fires
August 2013 fires in Riau

Peatlands the largest carbon source in Indonesia
• 50% of Indonesian GHG emissions from peatlands
• only 6% of agricultura...

Peatland drainage, subsidence and flooding
Matu-Daru district,
Sarawak, Malaysia
CO2 CO2CO2

Examples of subsidence in the field
Drained > 100 years
Oil palm flooded after 10 years
Foundation
constructed
2002
Peat s...

Almost all lowland peatlands of Sumatra and Borneo will be
affected by flooding
Case study: Rajang delta, Sarawak

• Deforestation
8% per year
• Rapid conversion
to palm oil
• Remaining peat
forests largely
affected by
drainage
Land conv...

• 2009:
most of the
delta lies
above mean
sea level
• 2019:
subsidence will
have brought
most of the
peatland down
or just...

Projected impacts of subsidence and related flooding
N

Towards solutions
Policies
changed?!

1.Stop further peatland degradation:
• Stop conversion of natural peat forests
• Exclude drained peat based products from
...

Peatland rewetting, Central Kalimantan
Hydrological restoration stops
emissions and restores biodiversity

Communities
build
dams using
traditional
techniques
2003
2012

Paludiculture, Central Kalimantan
Communities replant degraded peatlands
Reforestation

In cooperation with PT RMU and
Ecosystem Restoration Concessions
in Indonesia
Wetlands International staff
surveying the 1...

Community-based implementation
Local stakeholders must benefit
 Healthy & productive environment
 Employment & benefit s...

We need to start a paradigm shift from
unsustainable practices to Net Positive Impact
More information on
www.wetlands.org...

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