Acids And Bases

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Topic 6: Acids and Bases (including writing chemical & ionic equations)

Learning Objectives <ul><li>Define acids and alkalis in terms of the ions they produce in </li></ul><ul><li>aqueous so...

Acids (1) Introduction Some common acids in our daily lives! <ul><li>Ethanoic acid, CH 3 COOH – found in vinegar, tomat...

Acids solutions used in the laboratory may be concentrated or dilute. Concentrated acids contain a large amount of pure a...

(2) Properties Of Dilute Acids <ul><li>1. Most acids have a sour taste . </li></ul><ul><li>2. Acids are hazardous an...

<ul><li>5. Acids react with most bases (metal oxides and hydroxides) to form </li></ul><ul><li>salt and water </li></u...

Writing Ionic Equations <ul><li>What is an ionic equation?? </li></ul><ul><li>An ionic equation is an equation involving...

Example Write the ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Step 1: Write the balanced che...

Question: Write the ionic equation for reaction between Copper (II) Sulphate solution and sodium hydroxide solution. Above...

Exercise <ul><li>Briefly describe what you would observe when the following substances are mixed. </li></ul><ul><li>a) A...

<ul><li>a) Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq)  ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) </li></ul><ul><li> zinc sulphate </li></ul><ul><li>Zn(s) ...

(3) Acids and Hydrogen ions <ul><li>Take a look at the below experiments </li></ul><ul><li>Experiment A Experiment B <...

Other acids behave in a similar way. Pure sulphuric acid and nitric acid (without water) are liquids which consist of sim...

Exercise 1. Citric acid, a white solid, can be dissolved in two solvents, water and propanone to form solutions. The sol...

<ul><li>2. A drink tablet contains a mixture of a solid acid (often citric acid) and solid sodium hydrogencarbonate. When...

(4) Basicity of Acids The basicity of an acid refers to the maximum number of hydrogen ions produced by a molecul...

(5) Strength of Acids <ul><li>The strength of an acid depends on the degree of ionisation </li></ul><ul><li>dissoci...

<ul><li>A weak acid is partially ionised in water/aqueous solution. </li></ul><ul><li>In a solution of weak acid, mo...

<ul><li>Take a look at the difference between strong and weak acids below: </li></ul><ul><li>Strong acids react more vigo...

<ul><li>Question : Does a strong acid means it is concentrated? </li></ul><ul><li>Note that the strength of acids does n...

<ul><li>Question: </li></ul><ul><li>a) Is H 2 SO 4 (l) a good conduct of electricity? </li></ul><ul><li>b) Is H 2 SO ...

<ul><li>Question: </li></ul><ul><li>How do strength and concentration affect conduction of </li></ul><ul><li>electricity?...

(6) Uses of Acids <ul><li>1. Acids are used to make many useful products. </li></ul><ul><li>The most important industri...

<ul><li>3. Some acids are used in food preservation . </li></ul><ul><li>Examples are: </li></ul><ul><li>Ethanoic acid (...

Bases & Alkalis (1 ) Introduction <ul><li>Bases are the oxides or hydroxides of metals , e.g. copper(II) oxide, sodium...

(2) Properties Of Dilute Alkalis <ul><li>1. Dilute solutions of alkalis have a ‘slippery’ feel </li></ul><ul><li>2. Al...

<ul><li>We can show that ammonia is produced by testing the gas evolved with </li></ul><ul><li>damp red litmus paper ....

a) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + 2HNO 3 (aq)  Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) calcium nitrate H + (aq) + OH - (aq)  H 2 O(...

(3) Alkalis & Hydroxide ions So what is an alkali? An alkali i s a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH - (aq) ...

(4) Strength of Alkalis <ul><li>Like for acids, the strength of an alkali depends on the degree of ionisation </li...

(5) Uses of Alkalis 1. An alkali, calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) , or the base calcium oxide (quicklime) are adde...

3. Alkalis are used in toothpastes to neutralise acids on our teeth produced by bacteria when they feed on s...

(7) Applications of Neutralisation <ul><li>Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt </...

<ul><li>2. Treatment of indigestion – as in point 2. under ‘ Uses of Alkalis ’ section. </li></ul><ul><li>3. In tooth...

Indicators & pH (1) Indicators and pH scale <ul><li>The pH value of a solution indicates the degree of acidity or ...

<ul><li>An indicator is a substance that has different colours in acidic and </li></ul><ul><li>alkaline solutions. ...

(2) Measurement of pH There are other indicators that not only indicate whether a solution is acidic or alkaline, but als...

<ul><li>2. A pH meter is an electrical method of measuring the pH of a solution. It </li></ul><ul><li>consists of a ...

(3) Importance of pH 1. pH and the body Substances in the body have different pH values. Acidic conditions in the s...

<ul><li>3. pH in the garden </li></ul><ul><li>The pH of soil is important for optimal plant growth. </li></ul><ul><li...

<ul><li>4. pH and hair </li></ul><ul><li>Our normal hair is weakly acidic with a pH of about 5 where hair is smoot...

Oxides (1) Types of Oxides <ul><li>An Oxide is a compound of oxygen and another element. </li></ul><ul><li>Most oxides ca...

<ul><li>Oxides </li></ul><ul><li>Metallic Oxides Non-metallic oxides </li></ul><ul><li>Basic oxides Amphoteric oxides ...

1. Acidic Oxides a. Acidic oxides react with water to produce acids SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l)  H 2 SO 4 (aq) SO 2...

2. Basic Oxides a. Basic oxides react with water to produce alkalis . (most basic oxides are insoluble in water) K 2...

Question: ‘ Gallium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to form salts.’ What can you deduce from thi...

(3) Sulphur Dioxide & Its Uses Sulphur dioxide is formed when sulphur burns in air. As it is an acidic oxide , it re...

3. Sulphur dioxide and sulphites are also bleaches , where uses include: Bleaching delicate materials such as wool an...

Salts (1 ) Introduction <ul><li>A salt is produced when an acid reacts with a base . </li></ul><ul><li>The salt cons...

Questions: The following are names of some salts: iron(III) nitrate, copper(II) chloride, ammonium sulphate. Name the p...

(2) Solubility of Salts (Solubility Rules!) Salts Solubility (in water) Na + , K + , NH 4 + salts (sodium, potassium ...

(3) Preparation of Salts The method used to make/prepare a salt in the laboratory depends on the solubility of the salt ...

Is Salt Soluble? <ul><li>Precipitation </li></ul><ul><li>Method </li></ul><ul><li>React: </li></ul><ul><li>2 soluble salt...

<ul><li>*Metals such as Zn and Mg react moderately with dilute acids, thus they </li></ul><ul><li>are suitable for this m...

Example 1: Preparation of Insoluble Salts Let’s say we want to prepare the salt barium sulphate: <ul><li>1. Barium sulph...

<ul><li>3. Filter the mixture to obtain lead(II) iodide (the yellow precipitate) as the residue. </li></ul><ul><li>4. W...

Example 2: Preparation of soluble Salts Let’s say we want to prepare the salt crystals of zinc sulphate: <ul><li>1. Zinc...

Chemical equation: Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq)  ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) / ZnO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq)  ZnSO 4 (aq) + H ...

<ul><li>7. Filter this mixture to obtain zinc sulphate crystals as the residue. </li></ul><ul><li> </li></ul><ul><li>8. ...

Example 3: Preparation of Na + /K + Salts Let’s say we want to prepare the salt crystals of sodium sulphate: 1. Sodium...

4. Measure this volume of alkali added from the burette to the acid. 5. Repeat the experiment with 25.0 cm 3 of dilut...

Exercise: For each of the following given salts, a. Write down the suitable starting materials/reactants for its preparat...

<ul><li>2. Aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous sodium chloride / aqueous potassium chloride / dilute hydrochloric acid. ...

Exercise: <ul><li>A student attempted to prepare lead(II) sulphate in the </li></ul><ul><li>laboratory by reacting lea...

(4) Uses of Salts <ul><li>Salts are important to our bodies. Salt is lost from our bodies through sweat </li></ul><ul><...

Food preservatives Sodium nitrate Sodium sulphate Sodium citrate Photography Silver salts Sodium chloride in industry Che...

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