(Gender) Tone at the top The effects of gender board diversity on g...

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(Gender) Tone at the top
(Gender) Tone at the top
The effects of gender board diversity on gender inequality
Bram Timmerma...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
Our contribution
We establish a causal link:
gender board diversity → adjusted gender ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
The existing literature
A blossoming literature linking managers’ gender and inequalit...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
The existing literature
A blossoming literature linking managers’ gender and inequalit...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
What we bring: new data → new approach

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
What we bring: new data → new approach
Unique data #1: GBDD (Drazkowski et al., 2024)
...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
What we bring: new data → new approach
Unique data #1: GBDD (Drazkowski et al., 2024)
...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
What we bring: new data → new approach
Unique data #1: GBDD (Drazkowski et al., 2024)
...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
Theory ambiguous on the link between female managers and gender inequality
1 Positive ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Motivation
Theory ambiguous on the link between female managers and gender inequality
1 Positive ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Databases
We link two databases at the industry × country × year level (cells)
1...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
GBDD: Gender Board Diversity Database
Draws on Orbis data
Recovers registry info...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
GBDD: Gender Board Diversity Database
Draws on Orbis data
Recovers registry info...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
GBDD: Gender Board Diversity Database
Draws on Orbis data
Recovers registry info...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
New stylized facts (and high quality of the data!)
Mean SD P10 P50 P90
Share of ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
New stylized facts (and high quality of the data!)
Mean SD P10 P50 P90
Share of ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
EU-SES Structure of Earnings Survey
A large and comprehensive database on indivi...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
EU-SES Structure of Earnings Survey
A large and comprehensive database on indivi...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Rather high dispersion of adjusted gender wage gaps
Mean SD P10 P50 P90
Adjusted...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Rather high dispersion of adjusted gender wage gaps
Mean SD P10 P50 P90
Adjusted...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Methods
We estimate
AGWGi,c,t = β0 + βOLS
1 GBDi,c,t + γc + γt + γs + ϵi,c,t (1)...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Methods
We estimate
AGWGi,c,t = β0 + βOLS
1 GBDi,c,t + γc + γt + γs + ϵi,c,t (1)...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Identification
Candidate instrument: share of household consumption in final out...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Does the first-stage work?
.32
.34
.36
.38
.4
.42
Share
of
firms
with
some
women...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Data and methods
Does the first-stage work?
Average share Share of firms
of women on boards with ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
In OLS: results are inconclusive
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
Adjusted
GWG
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5
Average ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
IV provides conclusive estimates
Average share of women Share of firms with 1+ women
OLS ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
Gauging the effect: European gender quota directive
EU Directive → at least 33% of women ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
Gauging the effect: European gender quota directive
EU Directive → at least 33% of women ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
Robustness checks
Focusing on senior managers instead of all boards
Controlling for the w...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
How many women to make a difference?

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
How many women to make a difference?
We estimate the following regression
AGWGi,c,t = β0 ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Results
How many women to make a difference?
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
β
IV
and
90%
CI
Main
specification
Sha...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Summary
Summary
We show that improving gender board diversity decreases gender inequality
Results...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Summary
Questions or suggestions?
Thank you!
w: grape.org.pl
t/x: grape org
f: grape.org
e: j.tyr...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Summary
Bibliography I
Abendroth, A.-K., Melzer, S., Kalev, A., and Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (2017). ...

(Gender) Tone at the top
Summary
Bibliography II
Linehan, M. and Scullion, H. (2008). The development of female global man...

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