NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Observations of Interstellar Come...

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Draft version July 21, 2025
Typeset using L
A
TEX twocolumn style in AASTeX7.0.1
NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Observa...

2
Maxine West ,1, 2
Ian Wong ,114
W. M. Wood-Vasey ,120
Bin Yang ,121
Quanhzi Ye ,45, 122
and
Jinshuo Zhang 2
1LSST Interd...

3
52Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia - LIneA, Av. Pastor Martin Luther King Jr, 126 Del Castilho, Nova Amé...

4
105Department of Astronomy and Physics, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104
106Longwood ...

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5
Figure 1. 3I/ATLAS minimum co-addition from UT 2025
July 3, 21×30 s r-band images acquired by NSF-DOE Vera
C. Rubin Obse...

6
the latter explanation is dominant, and the nucleus is
considerably smaller than 10 km in radius.
Based on the published...

7
was within ∼ 9◦
of any of the pointing (boresight) cen-
ter on-sky coordinates. In addition, we used the avail-
able ast...

8
a
a 2025-06-21
2025-06-21 b
b 2025-06-22
2025-06-22 c
c 2025-06-22
2025-06-22
d
d 2025-06-30
2025-06-30 e
e 2025-06-30
2...

9
Table
1.
Table
of
Observations
Row
Date
Midpoint
Filter
Visit
ID
Chip
Flags
Meas.
RA
Meas.
Dec
Mag
Mag
Err
r
Delta
Elong...

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Table
1
(continued)
Row
Date
Midpoint
Filter
Visit
ID
Chip
Flags
Meas.
RA
Meas.
Dec
Mag
Mag
Err
r
Delta
Elong
Phase
Sky...

11
Table 2. Viewing geometry of 3I/ATLAS for the dates of
observations. R: solar distance, ∆: heliocentric distance, E:
so...

12
a
a 01:53:12
01:53:12 b
b 03:03:56
03:03:56 c
c 06:25:00
06:25:00 d
d 06:27:17
06:27:17 e
e 06:32:03
06:32:03
f
f 06:36...

13
a
a 2025-07-04
2025-07-04 b
b 2025-07-06
2025-07-06 c
c 2025-07-07
2025-07-07 d
d 2025-07-07
2025-07-07
Figure 4. 3I/AT...

14
and relied on the Rubin deblender (Melchior et al. 2018)
to mitigate the confusion in crowded regions.
We therefore cau...

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Figure 5. On the left is a cutout from a crowded field (visit id=2025070100200) centered on 3I/ATLAS. The red ring
repr...

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before, we see a tight clustering of the Rubin astrometry,
suggesting that Rubin will likely live up to its promised
as...

17
(a) 3I/ATLAS, 2025-06-21
N
E
-
-v
Nearby Star, 2025-06-21
N
E
(b) 3I/ATLAS, 2025-07-02
N
E
-
-v
Nearby Star, 2025-07-02...

18
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
RA Residual [χ]
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
Dec
Residual
[χ]
MPC
Rubin
χ = 1
χ = 3.0
−0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0...

19
0 10 20 30 40
Time since first observation (minutes)
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
PSF
Flux
ratio
f
/hf
i
hmri = 18.404
0 10...

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temperature, and σ = 5.670 × 10−8
W m−2
K−4
the
Stefan–Boltzmann constant. The parameter χ captures
rotational and axia...

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Figure 11. 3I/ATLAS metrics plotted versus time from UT 2024 January 1 to UT 2028 January 1. The vertical dashed
red li...

22
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5
Radius (pixels)
0
1000
2000
3000
Count
3I/ATLAS
Clipped (3I/ATLAS)
Stars (N=4)
Phot...

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-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Angular distance from photocenter (arcsec)
10 1
100
Normalized
surface
brightness
(a)
3I...

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In order to estimate 3I/ATLAS’s nucleus size from
the absolute magnitude found above, we first convert
the i-band absol...

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4
2
0
2
4
RA (arcsec)
4
2
0
2
4
Dec
(arcsec)
=0.5
=0.1
=0.05
=0.01
t=10d
t=20d
t=30d
Orbit
Figure 14. Synchrone-syndyne...

26
Drilling Fields (DDFs). While the exact frequency and
quality of images may differ both SV and LSST pro-
vide relativel...

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120° 60° 0° 300° 240°
Right Ascension
-60°
-30°
0°
30°
60°
Declination
MJD: 60939.0 — UTC: 2025/9/21
100
101
102
103
Vi...

28
• The coma’s radius appeared to increase slightly
over the 11 days from ∼ 6,520 km (UT 2025 June
21) to ∼9,380 km (UT 2...

29
M.E.S. acknowledge support in part from UK Sci-
ence and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grants
ST/V000691/1 and S...

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Figure A1. UT 2025 June 24, 30 s raw i-band exposure. The image was unintentionally out of focus during a science
expos...

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B. ESTIMATED COLOR CALCULATIONS
Since the vast majority of the observations reported in this work were not obtained in ...

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Table B2. Orbital Parameters for 3I/ATLAS at epoch MJD 60860.0 [TDB], Rubin Solution 20250715
q [au] e i [deg] Ω [deg] ...

33
Cook, N. V., Ragozzine, D., Granvik, M., Stephens, D. C.
2016, ApJ, 825, 51, doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/825/1/51
Cordiner,...

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Jones, L., Bianco, F. B., Yoachim, P., Neilsen, E. 2025,
https://survey-strategy.lsst.io, v0.1.0, Zenodo,
doi: 10.5281...

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Prodan, G. P., Popescu, M., Licandro, J., et al. 2024,
MNRAS, 529, 3521, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stae539
Reback, J., jbrockm...

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AOS Active Optics System
ATLAS Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System
DDF Deep Drilling Field
GRSS Gauss-Radau S...

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