Burning issues: Global and local effects of indonesian haze

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Peter Holmgren, Director General, CIFOR
16 February, 2016
BURNING ISSUES: GLOBAL AND LOCAL
EFFECTS OF INDONESIAN HAZE

OUTLINE
• Fires: Past & Present
• Indonesian fires: Hotspots & Media
• Causes
• Facts and Effects
• Toward solutions

CIFOR WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1993
- AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION WITH A GLOBAL REACH
CIFOR envisions a more equitable world
w...

HUMAN RESOURCES
 240 staff representing dozens of countries
 Network of Associates, 77 MOUs with partner orgs

FORESTRY AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Fires
past and present

GLOBAL FIRES - JANUARY 2015

GLOBAL FIRES – SEPTEMBER 2015

FIRE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
PREVENTION IS MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SUPPRESSION
• Appropriate use and management of fire wil...

RECURRING FIRES…
2003 CIFOR publication
2002 ASEAN agreement1997-98 Fires, “planetary disaster”

Indonesian peat fires:
Hotspots
&
Media

INDICATIONS OF FIRE

WHAT ARE HOTSPOTS?
• Indications of fires from satellites
• Typically 1x1 km resolution
• Typically daily
• High probabili...

3 OCTOBER 2015

WHY THE EMPHASIS ON INDONESIAN FIRES?
• Long-standing conflict in Indonesia between land development and
nature protection...

SIMPLIFIED STORIES OF HOTSPOTS AND CONCESSIONS
• Some reporting based only on
– Hotspots from satellites
– Plantation conc...

FIRES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE CONCESSIONS

HOTSPOTS IN CONCESSIONS? NOT THAT SIMPLE.
Fires: by whom
and where
Inside concessions Outside
concessions
By “corporations...

SO HOW DID MEDIA REPORT?
• Add picture of kalimantan here (irresistible news)

NORTHERN HEADLINES WERE OFTEN ABOUT
CO2 EMISSIONS AND HABITATS
• How Indonesia's Fires Made it the Biggest Climate Pollute...

NEWS REPORTING FOR WHOSE AGENDA?

THE HUMANITARIAN ASPECTS
• Indonesia haze fueling major health problems (CNN 28 Oct)
• Scientists warn of health damage fr...

LONGEVITY OF MEDIA INTEREST…

Causes.

EL NIÑO MAKES IT WORSE BUT SHOULD NOT BE BLAMED

ROOT CAUSES OF FIRE
1. The fires are man-made
– They are agriculture fires!
– Representing agriculture investments
– and l...

Village head & officers
$88 (13%)
Land claimant
$29 (4%)
Tree cutting $77(12%)
Slashing $96 (14%)
Marketing team $38
(6%)
...

Village head & officers $88
(10%)
Land claimant,
$38 (4%)
Tree cutting $77 (9%)
Slashing $96 (11%)
Marketing team,
$54 (6%...

Village head & officers
$88 (3%)
Land claimant,
$38 (1%)
Tree cutting
$77 (3%)
Slashing
$96 (3%)
Marketing team,
$54 (2%)
...

PATRONAGE NETWORKS
Social network analysis: Local elites/cukong who organize
farmers are the most influential actors in la...

Facts and Effects
(as we understand them now)

FIRE AND HAZE 2015
 2.6 million ha of land burnt and
$15-30 billions of economic
losses
 43 million people exposed to
ha...

ONE CALCULATION OF LOSSES AND GAINS –
CORRECT VALUATIONS?

TOXICITY
• CIFOR Scientists in Central
Kalimatan in October 2015
measuring toxicity
• Indonesia’s Meteorological Bureau
(B...

TOXIC SMOKE FROM PEAT FIRES
The 2015 peat fires produced high concentrations of toxic carbon monoxide. Normal
concentratio...

TOXIC SMOKE FROM PEAT FIRES
The 2015 peat fires produced unprecedented concentrations of Particulate Matter
(soot) in the ...

Area Peat (ha) Non-peat (ha) Total %
Sumatra 267,974 565,025 832,999 40%
Kalimantan 319,386 487,431 806,817 39%
Papua 31,2...

(84% on peat)
FIRES TARGET IDLE DRAINED PEAT LANDS
Gaveau et al. in review
Forest Cemetery in Riau: shrubs ands wood
debri...

CALCULATING CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FOREST
CONVERSION TO OIL PALM PLANTATION
-
Flux change approach
11.8 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-eq ha-1yr...

ESTIMATED EMISSIONS
Source: http://www.globalfiredata.org/updates.html

Towards solutions

A “wicked” environmental problem because...
• No easy or technical solutions, especially on peatland
• Lack of evidence on...

PEATLAND RESTORATION AGENCY
 Presidential Decree No.1/2016
 Reports to the President, supported by
cross-sectoral Techni...

SOME REQUIRED OUTCOMES
Direct
 Drastically reduced
 Conversion of forests into agriculture
 Use of fire in agriculture
...

SOME POSSIBLE ACTIONS BEYOND RESTORATION
 Public investments (fiscal policies to address needs of rural people -
schoolin...

TAKE-HOME
• These are agriculture fires,
– they are man-made and
– keep coming back
• The attention span is short
• Impact...

cifor.org
blog.cifor.org
ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org
THANK YOU
Acknowledgements to CIFOR staff:
…

Burning issues: Global and local effects of indonesian haze

Burning issues: Global and local effects of indonesian haze

Burning issues: Global and local effects of indonesian haze

Burning issues: Global and local effects of indonesian haze

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