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‫اﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ٍّا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻗﺼرية‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻛﺎوﻟﻴﻨﺞ‬ ‫وﺟﺮاﻫﺎم‬ ‫آﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺗريﻳﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺆاد‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻪ‬...

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The Cell ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
Terence Allen
and Graham Cowling
‫آﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺗريﻳﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺎوﻟﻴﻨﺞ‬ ‫وﺟﺮاﻫﺎم‬
‫٥١٠٢م‬ ‫اﻷوﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬
٢٠١٤ / ١٥٦٦٠...

‫اﳌﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
7 ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ -١
23 ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ -٢
49 ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ -٣
63 ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬ -٤
79 ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬ -٥
97 ‫...

‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ (1)
‫وﺣﻴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ء‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ،‫اﻷﺣﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻓﻌﲇ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺣﺠﻤ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﱪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫املﺎء‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬ ُ‫أﺳ...

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‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ (2)
‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ .‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٌ‫ن‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘريﻳﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ .‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﴩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ (4)
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫ذرة‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬
‫أﻟﻴﺎف‬
«‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬
‫أﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﴬاء‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪات‬ ‫املﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺨﺰون‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
٢-١ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻃﺒﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻴﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﱰﻳﻮﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زوج‬ :(‫املﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫)اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ا...

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‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ (‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫)ﻣﻼﻳني‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫آﻻت‬ :‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬ ‫املﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫املﻜ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
،‫أﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات‬ ٤ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ً‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻ‬
،...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺪ‬َ‫ﺒﻌ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻳﻮﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﴤ‬ .(‫اﻟﻄﻴﻮر‬ ‫رﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫و...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ .‫دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﻮن‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫زراﻋﺔ‬ (7)
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫املﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫املﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪر...

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‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
(‫)أ‬(‫)ب‬
(‫)د‬‫)ﻫﺪ‬(
‫)ﺟﺪ‬(
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ (‫)ب‬ .(‫)ﻛﺮوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪم‬ ‫ﱢﻧﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫املﻜ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ (‫)أ‬ .‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫املﻔﻀﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ (‫اﻷورام‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫ة‬‫ﻋﺎد‬ ‫)املﺄﺧﻮذة‬ «‫»اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
....

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻴﻨﺮﻳﻴﺘﺎ‬ ‫أﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻷرﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ .‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻤﱠ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺖ‬ُ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺑ...

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫وﺗﻤﺘﻠﺊ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﳼ؛‬ ‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﱰك‬...

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‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﳼ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ .‫واﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺧﴬاء‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪة‬
‫ﺧﴬاء‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪة‬
‫ﺧﴬاء‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪة‬
‫ء‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪار‬
‫ﻧﺸﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬
‫ﺧ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﻮر‬ ‫أﺷﺎر‬ ‫ﺣني‬ ،١٩٧٢ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ،‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻈﻬﺮ‬َ‫ﺗ‬‫و‬ ‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
،‫املﺘﻐرية‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف‬ ً‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ًﺎ؛‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫إﱃ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ .‫ﺧﻄري‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬ ...

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‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬
‫اﻹﻧﺪوﺑﻼزﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫املﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬
‫املﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬
...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ٍ‫أﻣﺰﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﱡ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻛ‬ (2-1 ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫)اﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺒريوﻛﺴﻴﺴﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻠﻴﺴﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻠﻴﺴﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫دون‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ‬ .((‫2)ب‬-2 ‫)اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫املﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺪرﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰة‬
،‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺬﻛﺮ‬ ،‫أﻳﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .‫ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺮض‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﱠﻧﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮزﻳﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫املﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴ...

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‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮات‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ؛‬
‫ِﻢ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ا‬ ُ‫ﺳﱰ‬ ،‫اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫أن‬ ‫املﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﴩاﻳني‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻳﺤﺎت‬
ُ...

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‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫املﺮﺟﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜري‬ ‫أﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰون‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
‫دﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺮواﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫وﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟ...

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‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫املﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ (‫)ب‬ ،(‫)أ‬ :‫اﻟﺨ...

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‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻷول‬ — ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫املﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ — ‫اﻷﻛﺘني‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗني‬
«‫اﻟﻌﻀﲇ‬ ‫»ﻏ...

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— ‫املﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎملﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮب‬ ‫اﻧﺪﻻع‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ «‫اﻟﺘﺄﺟري‬ ‫أو‬ ‫»اﻹﻋﺎرة‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
ً‫ة‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻨني‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻫﺪاب‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ؛‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻴﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫زواﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪاﻋﻰ‬ ،‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﱰﻳﻮﻻت‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ .‫ﻫﺪب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺳﻮط‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫املﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ...

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‫ﺑﺄﻫﺪاﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻌﲇ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫وﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﴪﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫أﻣﺎ‬ .‫اﻟﻔﻌﲇ‬ ‫اﻟﻮ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮري‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ،‫اﻹﻟﻜﱰوﻧﻲ‬ ‫املﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻨﺴني‬ ‫ﺑ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﻲ؛‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺤﻼل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻌﺮف‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻮﻻدة‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ (12)
‫وﺗﻌﺪ‬ .‫اﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ...

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‫اﻷﴍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اﻟﺼﺎري‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻨﻬﺎر‬ ،‫ﻣﺘني‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬...

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‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫أن‬ ‫اﺗﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫وﺿﻮﺣ‬ ‫وأﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎت‬ ‫أﻛﱪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة؛‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ‬ ...

‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ٍ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫أيﱠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ «‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬
‫امل...

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(‫)أ‬
(‫)ب‬
(‫)و‬
(‫)د‬ (‫)ﺟ‬(‫)ﻫ‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗني‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗني‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗن...

‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ؛‬ً‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴ‬ ٨٠ ‫ﺣﻮاﱄ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱞ‬‫ﻞ‬‫وﻛ‬ ،‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫آﻻف‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ،‫ﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫وراﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫وﻏﺎﻟ‬
‫املﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ...

‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﻤﺮ‬ .‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫وﻗﺎﻟ‬ ،‫اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ْ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺴ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺮة‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ً...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
«‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫ﻧﺎد‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺪوى‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫إﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻤﺠﺮد‬ .‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪوى‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ...

‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
(‫)أ‬(‫)ب‬
(‫)د‬‫)ﻫﺪ‬(
‫)ﺟﺪ‬(
(‫)أ‬(‫)ب‬
‫)ﺟﺪ‬))))((‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺟﺪ‬((((
‫ﻧﻮوﻳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت‬ ٍ‫ﻋﺎر‬ «‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ (‫)...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ .‫اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫أﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫؛‬ً‫ة‬‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ‬
ً‫ة‬‫ﻋﺎد‬ ،...

‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗني‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫وﰲ‬ .‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒري‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬َ‫ﻮ‬‫ﱡ‬‫ﻨ‬‫اﻟ‬ (6)
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻧﺘﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ َ...

‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫أﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫اﻗﱰح‬ ،١٩٩٩ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫وﰲ‬ .‫ﻛﻮﻳﻠني‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﳼ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎورة‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ،‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ (‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗني‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫)اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬ ‫دورة‬ (1)
‫ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺘﻮش‬ ‫دﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاه‬ ‫ملﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫وﻓﻘ‬ ،‫اﻟﺨ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ «‫ُﺴﻤﺢ‬‫ﻳ‬» ،‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ .‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬ ‫دورة‬
‫وﺗﺘﻘﺪم‬ ،ً‫ﺛﺎﻧ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻔني‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬ ‫اﻧﻔﻼق‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﻮط‬
‫)اﻧ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
(‫)أ‬
(‫)ب‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺤﺐ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﻓﻴﻪ‬ ،‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﱄ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬ (‫)أ‬ .‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ :1-4 ‫ﺷﻜ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫زوﺟﻲ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺼﻞ‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ،«‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺆد...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ‬ ‫املﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫أردﻧﺎ‬ ‫إذا‬ .‫ﻓﻴﻠﻤني‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ «‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
A
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T
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T A G C A T
A T C G T T
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻜﻴﺰ‬ ‫إﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬
...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
A
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C
G
U
G
C
A
G
G
G
U
A
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U
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G
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A
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A
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T...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫واﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ٍّا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫وﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫املﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫وﺗﺨﱰق‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﳼ‬ ‫اﻟﻮرم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر؛‬
‫واﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ .‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
ِ‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ٍ‫ة‬‫ﺑﺼﻮر‬ (ُ‫ح‬َ ْ‫َﴩ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫)وإن‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأي‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻗﻮى‬ ‫راﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﱟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫إﱃ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜرياﺗني‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫ﻛﺒرية‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮءة‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ٍّا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ،((‫4)أ‬-4 ‫)اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت‬
‫ﺗﻐﲇ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨني؛‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺪث‬ ،‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ .‫املﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮو...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮت‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻔﺮات‬ ‫وﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬ .‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ‬ «‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﻃ...

‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٌ‫ن‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﱡ‬‫ﻞ‬‫وﻛ‬ .‫وأﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫أﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ،‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ .‫اﻟﺤﴩة‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮﺷﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
(‫)أ‬(‫)ب‬
(‫)د‬
‫)ﻫﺪ‬
‫)ﺟﺪ‬(
(
‫اﻟﺴﺪاﳼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ (‫)د‬ .‫ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺒري‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻠ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬه‬ ٍ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ِ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ِ‫أﺻﻐﺮ‬ ِ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ .‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺟﺎﻧ‬ ١٤ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻧ‬‫ﻣﻜﻮ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫املﺴﺘﻀﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺗﺤﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒرية‬ ‫أﻋﺪاد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
(‫)أ‬
(‫)ب‬
(‫)د‬
‫)ﺟﺪ‬(
‫ﻟﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻏﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ‬ :2-...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻬﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﱠدة‬‫ﺪ‬‫املﺤ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻴﺎت‬ ‫زاﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ .(‫اﻟﻔﱤان‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺗﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫)وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
(‫)أ‬
(‫)ب‬
(‫)د‬
(‫)ﺟ‬
(‫)ھ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮى‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺜ‬‫ﺣﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
— ‫اﻷﺧرية‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﻛﺮات‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻄﻮر‬ .‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﱪ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠني‬
‫إﻧﺘ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫املﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﴎﻳﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫)اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟني‬ ‫أﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻮق‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻣري‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺸﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫َﺤﺪث‬‫ﻳ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫املﻮاد‬ ‫ﻊ‬َ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺒﺘ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ .‫ﺗﺒﺘﻠﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮة‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ،«‫اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬ ‫»ﺣﺪث‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬ ٢٫٥ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﺒرية‬
،«...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫املﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﻛﺨﻨﺜﻰ‬ ً‫ة‬‫ﻋﺎد‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘريﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻐﺬى‬ ،‫اﻟﱰﺑﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﻋﺼﺎب‬ ‫واﻷوﺗﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﱰاﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﺠ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐري‬ (7)
«‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐريات‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﺗﺠﻤﱢ‬ ،‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ...

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫وﰲ‬ .‫ٍّا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎخ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﻴﻖ؛‬ ٍ‫ﻣﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬...

‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳉﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ،‫واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ؟‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫املﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻮي‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮان‬
+
‫ﻻﻗﺤﺔ‬
‫)ﺑﻮﻳﻀﺔ‬
(‫ﻣﻠﻘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻨني‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬
٤ ‫أو‬ ٢
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ٨ ‫أو‬
‫ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬...

‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫املﻀﺎدة‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫َت‬‫د‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ .‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫املﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎن‬ ‫إرﻧﺴﺖ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫وﰲ‬
: ً‫ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‬
‫وﰲ‬ ‫اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
،‫َة‬‫ﻮ‬ ُ‫ﺴ‬ْ‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﻠ‬َ‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫وﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ — ‫املﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤ...

‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ً‫ء‬‫أﺟﺰا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ٦٠ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻷدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬
...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
(‫ﺒﻦ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ملﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫املﺰارع‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫...

‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻳني‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﴪﻳﻊ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓري‬
‫اﻗﱰح...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸﺔ‬ ‫املﺜري‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ .(‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.‫ﻣ...

‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ،٥٣...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﴪﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ (5)
‫اﻟﻌﴩ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﴪﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳋﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻞ‬ ‫إرﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮاض...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺤﺎل‬ ،‫اﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﺋﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ِﺞ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫»اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ :‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬ ،١٥٣٦
‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻨ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
«‫»ﻋﻼج‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫املﺼﺪر؛‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ،‫املﺤﻠﻴني‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻴﺎدﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ .١٩٩٠ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ،‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻵن‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﱪع‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬
‫اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ،‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻮء‬ .‫ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﺟني‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻘ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ .‫ﺳﻴﺪة‬ ‫رﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺠﺎح‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺰرع‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻧ‬‫إﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫إﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة‬
‫ﻣ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫املﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ .‫اﻟﻔﱤان‬ ‫أﺟﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰرع‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﴪﻃﺎن‬ ‫اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ُﺪﺧﻞ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ً‫ة‬‫ﻋﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﺴﱰوﻓني‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗني‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐريات‬
‫)ﻣﱪﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮت‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ،‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻜﴘ‬ ‫ﻣﺮض‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺘﻨﺠﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺮض‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬ ‫أدى‬ .(‫أﻣﻴﻨﻮﺑﻮ...

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒري‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ (1)
‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫وﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬ .‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫أﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ «‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺮاض‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ،‫املﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮاض‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫إن‬ ‫»دي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ — ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻘﺖ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻠ‬ُ‫ﺧ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ .‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮارث‬ ‫ﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮرت‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ «‫ﺗﻲ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»دﺑﻠﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗني‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒري‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ُﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫و‬ .‫ﺿﻔﺪع‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻪ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻳﻌﺪ‬ .‫اﻟﴪﻃﺎن‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻣﺮاض‬ ‫املﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫إﱃ‬
‫وﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼ...

‫إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءات‬
David S. Goodsell, The Machinery of Life, 2nd Edition (New York: Springer-
Verlag, 2009). Explores the a...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
early death of the source of the first human cell line, together with an
account of the scientific, social backgr...

‫إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءات‬
Dynamic animations of cell structure, including a graphic representation
of Tensegrity (University of To...

‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﴪد‬
.«‫اﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺎت‬ ‫»ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ‬ :‫اﻟﺼﺒﻎ‬ ‫أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟني‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮز‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻨ...

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫املﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮل‬ «‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫»آر‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ :‫اﻟﱰﺟﻤﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼز...

‫املﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﴪد‬
‫واملﻴﻜﺮون‬ ،‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮون‬ ‫أﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﱰ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫امل‬ :‫واﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰات‬ ‫واملﻴﻜﺮوﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻴﻤﱰات‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻠ‬...

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مذبحة ماسبيرو by Smiling Lungs 288 views

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