The magma ocean stage in the formation of rocky-terrestrial planets

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The magma ocean stage in
the formation of rocky-
terrestrial planets.
“Searching for “dragons” at the beginning of (solar ...

What is a magma ocean (MO)?
Energy input:
• Impactors (Kinetic E)
• Mars-sized impactor
• Core mantle differentiation
(Pot...

Motivation
Energy input:
• Impactors (Kinetic E)
• Mars-sized impactor
• Core mantle differentiation
(Potential E)
• Decay...

How was young Sun different than today?
Time not to scale
Bolometric
luminosity
Extreme
Ultra Violet
radiation
Hypothesis:...

Solar
system
formation
Magma
ocean
stage
Onset of solid
mantle
convection
Plate
tectonics
onset
Earth
today
?
?
Time (not ...

Solar
system
formation
Magma
ocean
stage
Onset of solid
mantle
convection
Plate
tectonics
onset
Earth
today
?
?
Atmosphere...

How does the atmosphere affect the magma ocean evolution
1.How long does the magma ocean stage last?
2.How does the magma ...

8
Model

Radius(km)
(liquid)
ATMOSPHERE
Rplanet
CMBRheology
Front
Full
mantl
e
cooling
Model: interior of the Magma ocean
*CMB: Cor...

Radius(km)
(liquid)
(solid)
ATMOSPHERE
Rplanet
CMB
Rheology
Front
crystals
Model: interior of the Magma ocean
(liquid)
+
(...

(liquid)
(solid)
Rplanet
CMB
Rheology
Front
ATMOSPHERE
Radius(km)
(liquid)
(solid)
+
Model: interior of the Magma ocean
Me...

CORE
Solid-like
Liquid-like
Bottom-up
solidification of
the planet
due to its mineral
characteristics.
Model: bottom-up so...

13
t0 : At initial
condition, the
magma ocean
has already
been formed.
tend : Once the
rheology front
reaches the
planetar...

• CO2 outgassed
early.
• H2O outgassed
later .
• PTOTAL 300 bar.
The reference
volatile abundances for the
Earth are taken...

Model flow
T potential
(t)
T potential
(t+dt)
partial
P
Opacit
y
Mass
balance of
volatiles
Fluxes
FTOA*=FSURFACE
equilibri...

Results

The atmospheric greenhouse effect prolongs the magma ocean stage
Thermal blanketing by the atmosphere

18Results – Thermal evolutionResults - Thermal evolution
Time (yr)
Results – MO thermal evolution
Ref-A
Nikolaou et al. (2...

200
94
100
6
Total Total
(bar) (bar)
300 100
• CO2 outgasses early.
• H2O outgasses later.
• PTOTAL: 300 bar.
Magma ocean ...

200
94
100
6
Qualitative change in
atmosphere:
from CO2  to H2O
dominated
Total Total
(bar) (bar)
300 100
Results - H2O &...

The solubility
of H2O in
silicate melts
is high
Low solubility
of CO2 in
silicate melts.
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ
Result...

unaway
..greenhouse
.phenomenon
tmosphere
over a magma
ocean
Τwo sides of the same coin
Results - duration of the magma oc...

Runaway greenhouse & magma ocean
“Nakajima limit”
*TRF,0= Temperature of the 40% rheology front at the surface
Nikolaou et...

Results – magma ocean types
Results - Magma ocean types
“Transient“
Planetary energy
budget ensures
cooling
throughout the...

Time (not to scale)
Bolometric
luminosity
How was young Sun different than today?

Dynamic picture of magma ocean
Transient
(ii)
Results - Magma ocean (MO) type separation
Nikolaou et al. (2019)
Conditiona...

Results - Revised FOLR,TOA limits for MO type separation
Nikolaou et al. (2019)
Katyal et al. (2019)
TRF,0= 1645 K TRF,0= ...

Reference for Earth:
PCO2 total = 100 bar
PH2O total = 300 bar
Tsolid = 0.2 Myr
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ
Results - durat...

Solar
system
formation
Duration of
magma ocean
>1 Myr for Earth
(Hundred Myr
for Venus.)
1 Myr is too soon for
solid state...

Cancri e - Magma ocean exoplanet
Demory et al. (2016) Nature
Magma ocean of the permanent type
To look out for exoplanets ...

atmosphere affect the magma ocean evolution?
1.How long does the magma ocean stage last?
2.How does the magma ocean evolve...

5
Extra part

Extreme
Ultra Violet
radiation
Time (not to scale)
How was young Sun different than today?

Rotation rate:
• Fast (blue)
• Average (green)
• Slow (red)
Johnstone et al. (2015)
Enhanced by
500 times.
Enhanced by
100...

Venus and the persisting
primordial atmosphere
(Akatsuki, JAXA, ISAS, DamIa Bouic
/ Citizen Science)
Formation of Venus

Venus had lost all of its
primordial atmosphere...
All? Not All!
Hypothesis:
A small but significant part of the
Hydrogen ...

0.7 Venus
Proto-Venus
initial mass
(at 10 Myr).
Mars size
A)
B)
Early VS late proto-Venus formation
Odert et al. (2018)
Tw...

Noble gas isotopes on Venus
Simulations
that result
in CO2
depletion
represent
less likely
scenaria.
H is a free parameter...

EARLY VENUS
FORMATION (A)
• Several tens of CO2 bar survive.
• 559 bar (458 bar H2 O & 101 bar CO2)
• slow rotator/ 0.12% ...

LATE VENUS
FORMATION (B)
• Several tens of CO2 bar survive.
• 5610 bar (5500 bar H2 O & 110 bar CO2)
• fast rotator.
• Tod...

Transient, conditionally continuous, permanent magma oceans
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ
Nakajima
limit
282 W/m2
Psurface re...

heory of planetary formation was suggesting
the magma ocean hypothesis.
It was devoid of observation until 1971

Regime of magma ocean circulation throughout COMRAD thermal
evolution
RBC: Rayleigh
Benard
Convection
VC: Vertical
convect...

Steam atmospheres with wavelength dependent
absorption of longwave radiation.
Data from
Katyal, Nikolaou,
et al. (2019) Ap...

…Ra=1030
(Jaupart, Cambridge 2010) (Niemela et al. 2000)
…1030
…1030
Extrapolation of scaling laws

Magma ocean thermal evolution
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ

Reference for Earth:
PCO2 total = 100 bar
PH2O total = 300 bar
Tsolid = 0.2 Myr
Magma ocean duration
Nikolaou et al. (2019...

Lava lake in Kilauea
(Hawai, Halema’uma’u vent)
errestrial analogue
Terrestrial analogue sites (also called "space analogu...

Magma ocean duration - I
Global magma ocean duration
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ

Magma oceans
among exoplanets
in the making.

1. Energy flux in
equilibrium
F1
F2
Grey atmosphere
of Abe and Matsui (1988)
11
Parameterized
Rayleigh-Bénard
Convective h...

1. Energy fluxes in
equilibrium
F1
F2
Grey atmosphere
of Abe and Matsui (1988)
12
Model
COnvective Magma Radiative Atmosph...

1. Energy fluxes in
equilibrium
F1
F2
2. Interior Energy balance
Energy
sink
Radioactive
heat source
Grey atmosphere
of Ab...

The simplest reference model setting
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ

62
Magma ocean duration
Nikolaou et al. (2019) ApJ

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