Prof Paul White - The behaviour of marine mammals - Cafe Scientifiq...

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A Wail in the Ocean?
Paul White

The ISVR
• The Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR)
– Is a Unit (department if you prefer) in the Faculty of E...

Outline
• Marine Fauna
• Marine mammals
• Cetaceans (whales and dolphins)
• How cetaceans use sound
• Ambient noise
• Impa...

Marine Fauna
• Invertebrates
– Zooplankton, Sponges, Cnidarians (corals, jellyfish,
sea anemones, etc), Worms, Lophophorat...

Marine
Mammals
Pinnipeds Sirenians Carnivores
Sea Otters,
Polar bears
Dugongs,
Manatees
Seals,
Sea lions
Walruses
Whales,
...

Belugas and
Narwhals
Beaked
Whales
Sperm
Whales
Porpoises
Rorqual
Whales Right and
Grey Whales
River
Dolphins Oceanic
Dolp...

Whale, Dolphin or Porpoise?
2.5 m long
1.5 m long
3 m long
3.5-4 m long
Pygmy Killer WhaleRisso’s Dolphin Hector’s Dolphin...

Belugas and
Narwhals
Beaked
Whales
Sperm
Whales
Porpoises
Rorqual
Whales
Right and
Grey Whales
River
Dolphins
Oceanic
Dolp...

Baleen and Toothed Whales
• Baleen whale (Mysticetes)
– Feed on large prey aggregations
– Grazing-type behaviours
• Toothe...

Baleen Vocalisations
• Baleen whales use social calls and some species “sing”.

Toothed Whale Vocalisations
• Toothed whales use sounds for 2 purposes:
– Sensing the environment – Echolocation
– Social ...

Example Vocalisations
• Echolocation
• Social calls

Ambient
Noise in the
Ocean and
Whale Calls
Baleen Whale
Vocalisations*
Toothed Whale
Vocalisations
* Excluding humpback wh...

Summary of Ambient Noise Sources
• V. Low Frequency (1-10 Hz) several effects including: earth
quakes and internal waves.
...

Man-Made Sound Sources
• Man’s increasing exploitation of marine resources has led to
an increase of noise:
Acute Sources:...

Possible Impacts
No detection
Detection
Masking
Reaction
Injury
Death
Source
Blues: Behavioural impacts
Reds: Clear physio...

Mass Strandings
• Historically mass strandings of whales take place – some
species are much more prone to this phenomenon ...

Military Sonar
• The use of mid-frequency active sonar has, almost certainly,
caused the death of beaked whales.
• Several...

Beaked Whales (21 sp.)
• These are extraordinary creatures.
• Only recently been intensively studied
(not until their deat...

Possible Causes of Death
• These animals have a regular pattern of deep
dives interspersed with sequences of shallow
dives...

Seismic Surveys
• Exploration for oil deposits at sea involves the use of loud
sound sources.
• This would seem to disturb...

Construction
• In particular, off-shore wind farm construction is a major
cause for concern.
• The UK is about to embark o...

Trends in Shipping Traffic
Increased commercial activity over
the last 40 years has lead to an
increase in the number of s...

Trends in Shipping Noise
• Various studies [1-3] (at a small number of sites) have
suggested that there has been an increa...

Blue Whales and Ship Noise
• Blues whales produce a regular pulsed call.
• A whale at 80 km range an ocean with noise
leve...

The Converse Argument
• The number of whales was dramatically reduced due to
whaling in the 20th century.
• So in 1900 the...

Adaptations
• In response to high noise environments marine mammals have
been shown to be capable of adapting the vocal be...

Possible Effects of
Increased Ambient Noise Levels
• An increase in the level of ambient noise could cause the
masking of ...

Shipping Noise
“Impact” of 1 Ship on 1 Whale
N. Aguilar, M. Johnson, P. T. Madsen, P. Tyack, A. Bocconcelli, and J. F. Bor...

Conclusions
• Increases anthropogenic noise have the potential to cause harm
in the marine environment.
– There is very li...

Frequency Weightings
• In air-borne acoustics A-weightings are extensively used to
reflect the frequency selectivity of th...

M-Weightings
• A widely accepted approach is based on M-weightings.
• M-weightings consider cetaceans in 3 species groups ...

M-Weighting Curves
• The weighting curves are 2nd order band-pass filters, defined
by 2 parameters:
– flow and fhigh which...

Criteria Based on M-Weightings
• Alongside the M-weighting curves there are criteria proposed
to assess whether a sound ha...

Observed Behavioural Reactions
• For low frequency cetaceans (baleen whales), field
observations suggest the following:
– ...

Comments on M-Weightings
• Suitable for assessing impacts of intense sounds (sonar, pile
driving, seismic surveys).
• Ship...

Sources of Underwater
Noise from Ships
• Cavitation
– At high speeds (above the cavitation inception speed (CIS)) cavitati...

Ship Noise Spectrum
Data supplied by TSI

M-Weightings to Assess Potential
Injury from Cruise Ship Noise
• The weighted noise
spectrum recorded
at 10 knots.
• The c...

Definitions of SL
• Traditionally underwater acoustic sources have been measured
through their source level (SL).
• Howeve...

A Fuller Definition of SL
• The source level is based on a far-field measurement which is
back-projected to 1 m, it is NOT...

Marine Mammal Hearing
• Marine mammal hearing is believed to share many features
with the hearing of terrestrial mammals.
...

Audiograms of Marine Mammals
• The audiograms of
marine mammals have a
similar general shape to
those of other mammals (in...

Measurement of the SL
• If one can measure the source in free-field conditions then
computing the SL is trivial.
• Realist...

An Alternative to the
Source Level
• An alternative to the SL is to referred to the source product
and avoids some of the ...

Measuring Ship Noise
• The problems with measuring ship noise have meant that
dedicated standards are appropriate.
• Recen...

Summary of
Measurement Standards
• Water depth:
– ANSI (Grade A: 300 m, B: 150 m, C: 75 m)
– DNV (30 m beneath the keel)
–...

Acoustic Problems
• Problems at low frequency, e.g. at 10 Hz, l ~ 150 m (note flow
for low frequency cetacean M-weighting ...

Factors Affecting Ship Noise
• The noise from a vessel depends on a range of factors,
including:
– Weather, sea state, con...

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