Hypothesis, Theories and Laws

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Research
Methodology
Hypothesis,
Theories and Laws

Hello!
Prepared by
Rajakrishnan M
Assistant Professor in Commerce CA
Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College
Coimbatore
2

Hypothesis
Let’s start…
1

“
”
A research hypothesis is a
statement of expectation or
prediction that will be tested by
research.
4

“
”
Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or
more variables. An independent variable is
something the researcher c...

Examples
● “Students who receive counselling will show a
greater increase in creativity than students not
receiving counse...

Types
Null Hypothesis Ho
Alternative Hypothesis Ha
7

● A theory in the natural sciences is
more “powerful” and abstract
than a hypothesis.
● It provides generalizations about
...

Criteria for “Good” Theories
Power of explanation
● the sources of the data
employed,
● the specificity of the theory,
and...

Criteria for “Good” Theories
Parsimony
● an explanation of a situation
or thing is created with the
fewest assumptions.
● ...

Testability/falsification
This is the criterion that the
better a theory enables
predictions to be made that
can lead to a...

Consistency with pre-existing
knowledge—even if the theory
may show that an earlier theory
was wrong
Certainly the ability...

Laws
13
Laws can be said to be theories that:
o have been subject to extensive testing,
o have been found to apply over a ...

SCIENTIFIC STATEMENTS
Jurisdiction and Acceptance
14

“
”
we considered natural science to be
“a special way of looking at the
universe—a rational approach to
discovering, gene...

16
In order to provide such
knowledge, science must
have means and methods
for justifying its
statements—its facts,
hypoth...

17
Verification (Deductive and
Inductive Reasoning in Science)
Verification deals with the confirmation (or disconfirmatio...

18
Deduction
The underlying idea of deduction is very simple: one deduces a
statement from other, given statements.
If the...

19
Induction
Induction is radically different from deduction. It deals with
drawing conclusions from data/observations and...

20
Falsification
Falsification is the paradoxical idea
that a statement cannot be scientific
if it does not admit consider...

21
Falsification
The reasoning is that for a statement
to be falsifiable (and therefore
scientific), it must be possible t...

Acceptance
Justification, no matter whether via verification
and/or falsification is only part of what is required
in orde...

Peer Review
Over and above the perspectives on justification
and acceptance provided so far, it is also
necessary to consi...

Peer Review
Since scientific knowledge is, at least in principle,
public property, scientific statements are
evaluated by ...

Reference
● Research Methodology by C.R.Kothari
● Research Methodology by P. Pruzan
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Thanks!
26

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