Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

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Center for Research and Application for Satellite Remote Sensing
Yamaguchi University
Introduction to Synthetic
Aperture R...

• Remote Sensing and microwave remote sensing
• Side looking radar
• Real aperture radar
• Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
...

• Remote Sensing is defined as the science and technology by which
characteristics of objects of interest can be identifie...

http://wtlab.iis.u-
tokyo.ac.jp/~wataru/lecture/rs
gis/rsnote/cp1/1-5-1.gif
4

• Real Aperture Radar (RAR) was the first active sensor to produce imagery of the
terrain from backscattered microwave rad...

The resolution in the range direction depends on the pulse width.
Azimuth resolution is determined by the beam width.
6

Radar Pulse Propagation
12

Radar Pulse Propagation
13

Radar Pulse Propagation
Distance = Time/2
14

• Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) synthetically increase
the antenna’s size or aperture to increase the azimuth
resolution....

17
Satellite geometry

18
Satellite geometry

19
Satellite geometry

SAR imaging
azimuth
ERS-1 © ESA
SAR Raw Data
azimuth
range
ERS-1 © ESA
Focused SAR Data
Range Compression
20

Example: SAR Image
ERS-Image
Range
Azimuth
A

• System parameters
• Frequency
• Polarization
• Look angle and look direction
• Surface parameters
• Surface roughness
• ...

Wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) are inter-related with light velocity (c = 3x108 m/s)
and the conversion of frequency to ...

Characteristics of backscatter corresponding to the frequency
http://www.infoterra.es/asset/cms/ima
ge/samples/radar02big....

Transmitted and received radar signals propagate in a certain plane describes the orientation of the
electric (E) vector i...

HH HV VH VV
Sample data : ALOS PLR mode from http://www.alos-restec.jp/en/staticpages/index.php/service-sampledata-04
26
P...

HH HV VH VV
Sample data : ALOS PLR mode from http://www.alos-restec.jp/en/staticpages/index.php/service-sampledata-04
Sens...

https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~gsun/radar/scatsurf.jpg
28
Surface roughness

Long wavelength
Short wavelength
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/6/916
29
Surface roughness

Saturated soil →a high dielectric →strong reflector.
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/remote_sensing/radar/radarroughne...

https://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/water/Brazil_2017/Day1/S1P2.pdf
31

http://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-09-
01876/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-09-01876f1-1024.png http://www.alspergis....

https://history.nasa.gov/JPL-93-24/p48.htm
Ground range
33
Radar foreshortening

Radar layovering
https://history.nasa.gov/JPL-93-24/p48.htm
1st point
2nd point
34

Radar shadowing
https://history.nasa.gov/JPL-93-24/p48.htm
35

Radar shadowing
http://step.esa.int/docs/tutorials/S1TBX%20SAR%20Basics%20Tutorial.pdf
S S
36

http://step.esa.int/docs/tutorials/S1TBX%20SAR%20Basics%20Tutorial.pdf
F F
37
Radar foreshortening

http://step.esa.int/docs/tutorials/S1TBX%20SAR%20Basics%20Tutorial.pdf
L Low backscattering
38
Radar layovering

http://step.esa.int/docs/tutorials/S1TBX%20SAR%20Basics%20Tutorial.pdf
39
Ground range
Slant range

http://envisat.esa.int/handbooks/asar/CNTR1-1-5.html 40
SAR images obtained with different incidence angles

ALOS sample image from http://www.alos-restec.jp/en/staticpages/index.php/service-sampledata-17 41
Slant range to ground r...

Differences of multi-spectral and SAR
Optical Sensor SAR
Platform
Radiation
Spectrum
Frequency
Polarimetry
Interferometry
...

Status of SAR Satellites
45
SAR sensors 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20...

ALOS-2
Modes Spotlight
Strip Map
Scan SAR
Nominal Resolution Spotlight 1-3 m
Strip Map 3-10 m
ScanSAR: 100 m
Swath width S...

ALOS-2 products
Level Definition Format
Level 1.1
This is complex number data on the slant range following
compression of ...

Sentinel-1
Sentinel-1 is a two-satellite constellation with the prime objectives
of Land and Ocean monitoring by the Europ...

Sentinel-1 products
https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-1-sar/product-types-processing-levels 49

• ALOS-2
• https://auig2.jaxa.jp
• Sentinel-1
• https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home
50
Data Hub

Advantages:
• Observe both night and day time
• Small dependence on atmospheric
conditions such as solar radiation, cloud
...

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