THE ANCIENT REGIME AND ITS TRANSFORMATION

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THE ANCIEN RÉGIME AND
ITS TRANSFORMATION
El siglo XVIII en España.

In this unit we will study:
• The Ancien Régime: definition and elements.
• Changes during the 18th century.
• The Enli...

THE ANCIEN REGIME

What is the Ancien
Regime?
The Ancient Regime is the social, political and economic
system that existed in Europe befor...

Low growth of the
population
During the Early Modern Age there was a low natural growth because
high birth rates were c...

Agrarian-based economy
● The 75% of the population belonged to the Primary sector.
● There was a closed or subsistence e...

Agrarian-based economy

Agrarian-based economy
Survival of the Feudal system
○ Lords owned the biggest lands or large estates.
○ Landowners ren...

Craft-industry
● Craftsmen made their products by hand
.
● They worked in small workshops, which
were located in the o...

Trade
● Long-distance trade
● The triangular trade:
○ capture slaves in Africa and
take them to America in order
to w...

ACTIVITES
•Do the following activities:
oPage 65: 18 and 19 (Trade)

Economic system
After the discovery of America, two economic systems developed:
Commercial capitalism Mercantilism
16th...

Economic System
THE 16TH CENTURY: COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM
● Thanks to the discovery of the New World there was a significa...

Economic System
THE 17TH CENTURY: MERCANTILISM
● There was a serious economic crisis, caused mostly by the enormous
amo...

ACTIVITES
•Do the following activities:
oPage 43: 13 (Economy)

The estates of the realm
● In the Early Modern Age, there was still a closed society:
○ There was a rigid social system ...

The estates of the realm

The estates of the realm

The estates of the realm

The estates of the realm
THE BOURGEOISIE
● Upper middle class or bourgeoisie
○ was composed of prominent merchants and ...

The estates of the realm
THE PEASANTRY
● It was the most numerous group in
society.
● It was composed of poor farmers ...

ACTIVITES
•Do the following activities:
oPage 47: 15 (Society)

Political system
Three types of monarchy
during the Early Modern Age
Authoritarian monarchy
16th century
Absolute mon...

Political system
Authoritatian monarchy
Authoritarian
monarchy
It existed in the
16th century.
But they had to
resp...

Political system
Authoritatian monarchy
• Authoritarian monarchs´ measures in order to govern their kingdoms
more effec...

Political system
Authoritatian monarchy
• They unified all the territories that were under their control.
Before unitin...

Political system
Authoritatian monarchy
• They established administrative unity for the entire kingdom.
Holy Brotherhoo...

Political system
Authoritatian monarchy
• In Spain, the Catholic Monarchs established religious unity for the
entire ki...

Political system
Authoritatian monarchy
• They created royal armies to end their dependence on the nobility for
militar...

Political system
at the beginning the 18th century
Political systems
Absolute
monarchy
In almost every
European
mon...

Political system
Absolute monarchy
• The authoritarian monarchies evolved and became absolute monarchies.
Absolute
mon...

Political system
Absolute monarchy
• It´s impossible for the Absolutism to separate monachy and State.
Monarchy State
...

Political system
Absolute monarchy
• Absolutism was born in France in the 17th century.
• It was supported by the theor...

Political system
Absolute monarchy
• Louis XIV of France was the first absolut
monarch.
• He took control of the gover...

Political system
Parliamentary monarchy
• English parliamentary monarchy was the exception in the absolutist Europe.
• ...

Political system
Parliamentary monarchy
• In the early 17th century, the kings of the
House of Stuart wanted to govern ...

Political system
Parliamentary monarchy
• The civil war was led by Oliver Cromwell.
• He was in favour of the trial and...

Political system
Parliamentary monarchy
• In 1660, Parliament re-established the
monarchy and Charles II was named King...

Political system
Parliamentary monarchy
• In 1688, the «Glorious Revolution» took
place:
o Parliament overthrew James ...

Political system
Parliamentary monarchy

Revision

Political system
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH MODEL
OF PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY
• In the late 17th century, the English ...

Political system
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH MODEL
OF PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY
- In the 18th century,
French philosoph...

ACTIVITES
•Do the following activities:
oPage 43: 8, 10 and 12 (Politics)

ACTIVITES
•Do the following activities:
oPage 65: 18 and 19 (Trade)
oPage 43: 13 (Economy)
oPage 43: 15 (Society)
oPa...

THE TRANSFORMATION
OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME

The 18th century: the Early
Modern and Modern Ages

The 18th century: the Early
Modern and Modern Ages
Read the text and look for the answers
to the following questions:
...

The 18th century: the Early
Modern and Modern Ages
• Transformation of the basic structures of the Ancien Régime:

The Enlightenment:
a change in thinking.

The Enlightenment
Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. What was Enlightenment?
2. What was Enlightenmen...

Enlightenment
Principles of Enlightenment
Reason
versus
tradition
or
superstition
Learning
and
teaching
Educate ...

Enlightenment
• The salon of Madame Geoffrin in Paris gathered wise men, politicians,
soldiers, nobles, philosophers and...

Enlightenment
• The Encyclopaedia
o It summarised knowledge from
many areas of study, including
science, philosophy, a...

Enlightenment criticisms
and proposals.
Montesquieu
He argued for the
separation of
powers.
The three branches of
p...

Enlightenment criticisms
and proposals.
• Phsiocracy versus Mercantilism
• Phisiocrats argued that agriculture was the ...

Enlightenment criticisms
and proposals.
• Enlightenment thinkers criticised the social inequalities of the estates
syst...

The Enlightenment
in Spain
• Spanish Enlightenment thinkers
We wanted to use Enlightenment
ideas to improve economic, ...

The Enlightenment
in Spain
• To communicate Enlightenment ideas:
Jovellanos
The Count of Floridablanca
We established...

Enlightenment politics in
Europe, America and Spain

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
•Who is a despot?

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Definition
It was a new form of government that developed
in some European countries in the 18th ...

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Characteristics
How did absolute monarchs introduced the Enlightenment
to their politics?
Centra...

Which monarchs in Europe
were Enlightened despots?
Carlos III Catherine the Great of
Russia
Joseph II of Austria Frede...

Enlightened despotism
• Famous sentences that summarize the Enlightened despotism:
Everything for
the people,
nothing ...

Europe in the 18th century

18th-century society
• What changes did the Enlightment
introduce in the estates of the realm?
oNobility and clergy?
o...

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• What is the importance of the American Revolution?
o It was the first revolution inspired in E...

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES
OF AMERICA
1.When did the first settlers
arrive to the colonies in
North America?
2.What was th...

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES
OF AMERICA
Problems between
the colonists and the British government
Political cause
The coloni...

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES
OF AMERICA
• The slogan of the colonists
• They wanted to become independent with their own
gove...

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• A conflict with taxes
Explain why the colonists were very angry

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• The Boston Tea Party
Explain what happened in Boston on 16 December 1773

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• What happened in April 1775?
Explain who the patriots were
You can
watch this
film.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Thomas Jefferson
wrote the Bill of Rights
of Virginia in 1776.
What happened in this picture? ...

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• What happened in the battle of Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781?
Who is the man riding a horse?

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Who is this man?
1.-
2.-
3.-

THE UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION
THE USA
CONSTITUTION
1787
A Federal
republic
Popular
sovereignty
Separation
of po...

THE UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION

CHANGES IN SPAIN

A CHANGE OF DINASTY
The
Catholic
Monarchs
Charles I Philip II
Philip III Philip IV Charles II
Who will
inherit the ...

A CHANGE OF DINASTY
CHARLES II
• He was the last Spanish king of the Hapsburg line.
• He had no children, so he designa...

A CHANGE OF DINASTY
• When Charles II died in 1700, there was a dispute for the throne in Europe.
• The archduke Charles...

THE WAR OF THE SPANISH
SUCCESSION (1701-1714)

THE WAR OF THE SPANISH
SUCCESSION (1701-1714)
• END OF THE WAR => THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1714)
TREATY
OF
UTRECHT
Phi...

THE WAR OF THE SPANISH
SUCCESSION (1701-1714)
• END OF THE WAR => THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1714)
Philiip of Anjou of the ...

THE WAR OF THE SPANISH
SUCCESSION (1701-1714)
• END OF THE WAR => THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1714)
The end of
the European...

CENTRALISATION
UNDER THE BOURBONS
• Philip V reformed the political structure of Spain.
• He was inspired by French cen...

CENTRALISATION
UNDER THE BOURBONS
• DECRETOS DE NUEVA PLANTA
o Castilla´s laws were imposed.
o The various cortes were...

ECONOMIC REFORMS
IN SPAIN
• The Spanish economy experienced enormous growth in the 18th century
as a result of reforms ...

ECONOMIC REFORMS
IN SPAIN
REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE
• Canals were built to facilitate irrigation and to improve transports...

ECONOMIC REFORMS
IN SPAIN
REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE
• Uninhabited areas were colonised, like the Sierra Morena. (link)

ECONOMIC REFORMS
IN SPAIN
REFORMS IN INDUSTRY
Royal manufactures
produced various
luxury goods.
These products
ador...

SOCIAL REFORMS
IN SPAIN
• Carlos III eliminated the legal dishonour of labour.
 Members of nobility could now work for...

SOCIAL REFORMS
IN SPAIN
• Carlos III expelled the Jesuists from Spain in 1767.
The Jesuists were a Catholic Order which...

ART DURING THE
ENLIGHTENMENT

NEW STYLES
TWO NEW
ARTISTIC STYLES
DURING THE
18th CENTURY
ROCOCO
NEOCLASSICISM

ROCOCO
• What is Rococo style?
The Rococo was a popular
artistic style between the
1730s and 1760s. It reflected
the ...

ROCOCO
ARQUITECTURE
• Rococo interiors (inside the
building)
• Irregular forms
• Curves
• A lot of decoration in cei...

ROCOCO IN SPAIN
• What is it? It is the Gasparini Salon in the
Royal Palace in Madrid.
• Who did it? Gasparini
• Which...

ROCOCO
SCULPTURE
• They were often small and
represented joyful and
mythological themes.
• What is it? It is Bouchard...

ROCOCO
PAINTING
• They used pastel colours.
• They represented mythological
themes, rural festivals and domestic
scen...

NEOCLASSICISM
• What is Neoclassicism?
• It was an artistic style that
was popular in Europe
between the 1760s abd
18...

NEOCLASSICISM
ARQUITECTURE
• Buildings were well-proportioned
• They used classical elements:
o Rounded arches
o Colu...

NEOCLASSICISM
IN SPAIN
• What is it? The former Gabinete
de Ciencias Naturales, which is
now the Prado Museum in Madri...

NEOCLASSICISM
SCULPTURE
• They were made of marble
• They represented mythological
themes or famous people.
• What is...

NEOCLASSICISM
IN SPAIN
• What is it? The Cibeles Fountain,
in the Plaza de Cibeles, Madrid.
• Who did it? Ventura Rodr...

NEOCLASSICISM
PAINTING
• People are painted like statues.
• The themes were frequently
mythological or historical, wit...

• Elaborated by Prof. Mª Isabel Aguña Aguerri
Social Science bilingual teacher

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