English for Academic Purposes by Liz Hamp-Lyons

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English for academic purposes
by Liz Hamp-Lyons
M.A. Sem.3
Department of English,
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar Un...

Introduction
• Over the past 25 years TESL/TEFL in
universities/colleges and other academic settings
- or in programmes de...

Background
• The practice of teaching EAP has been with us
for a long time - wherever individual teachers
of non-native st...

• Although the organisation's first collection of
papers from its annual meeting was titled
English for academic purposes ...

• The field of EAP was first characterised within
a larger perspective by Strevens (1977a).
Strevens saw EAP as a branch o...

• He described, first, a move away from an
emphasis on the literature and culture of
English speakers and towards teaching...

• EAP is an educational approach and a set of
beliefs about TESOL that is unlike that taken in
general English courses and...

In discussing ESP and EAP, Strevens (1977b) argued
that courses can be specific in four ways:
1. by restricting the langua...

• It can be seen that when all four kinds of specificity are
applied to a course, the result is something quite restricted...

Needs analysis
• is fundamental to an EAP approach to course
design and teaching. If a general approach to an
EAP course i...

The language is attended to at the levels of:
• register: lexical and grammatical/structural
features (the best-known work...

• Needs analysis leads to the specification of
objectives for a course or set of courses and to
an assessment of the avail...

• The development of the field of EAP has been
rapid in the little more than 20 years since its
recognition as a legitimat...

Research
• As is the case in ESP (see Chapter 19), much of
the EAP materials development described in
the practice section...

• A good overview of needs analysis is provided
by West (1994), and papers describing needs
analyses in particular geograp...

• Analyses of the linguistic and discoursal
structures of academic texts fall into the 'target
situation' category. This w...

• The term 'texts' is used in the discourse analysis
sense here, and EAP research includes studies of
spoken texts and gen...

• Research into the academic language needs of
students is more humanistic than research
that looks at texts, genres and a...

• Research in this area attends to affect, i.e.
how students feel about their study
experiences (e.g. Casanave 1990; Johns...

• The related field of contrastive rhetoric combines
the textual perspective and the student
perspective, as it studies ho...

• This work is linked to the field of'critical language
awareness' (Fairclough 1992; Ivanic 1998; Tang and John
1999).
• N...

• Swales and Feak (1994) reveal the symbiotic
relationship between research and practice in
their important research-based...

• There is also significant research into the
assessment of EAP. This began at the end of
the 1970s with the development o...

• As ELTS became the standard measure of
English proficiency for non-native speaker
applicants to UK and Australian univer...

• The major EAP assessment in the US is the
Michigan English Language Institute's
Academic English Test, which is used alm...

Practice
• A main activity of specialists in EAP is
materials design and development. In-house
materials can be specific t...

• The fundamental similarities between study
demands at the same educational level can be
capitalised on in creating mater...

• Some of the books in the Cambridge
University Press study skills series are a
decade old now, but are still popularly us...

• In-house materials have the great strength of
responding directly to the local needs; however,
the more specific materia...

Current and future trends and directions
• We can expect that more attention will be
paid to EAP at pre-tertiary (college)...

• In counterpoint to the probable increase in
attention to EAP in early schooling, thesis
writing and dissertation supervi...

• The knowledge base which has built around
traditional university-based academic needs has
led to the understanding that ...

• The discourse of academic literacy is more
usually found outside TESOL: e.g. in the USA in
work relating to students fro...

• With its basis in educational Marxism and
critical linguistics / critical education,
'academic literacy' argues from ver...

• The debate over motives and means in this
area - in the pages of the English for Specific
Purposes journal between Penny...

• We can expect this to be a fruitful and
controversial area of research - and polemic -
in the first years of the twenty-...

Conclusion
• EAP is a thriving and important aspect of TESOL
that has so far received less attention from
researchers than...

Key readings
• Allison (1996) Pragmatist discourse and
English for academic purposes
• Connor (1996) Cross-Cultural Aspect...

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