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‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬

‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ٍّا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻗﺼرية‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺠﺎل‬ ‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫روﺑﺮت‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎوي‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ...

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Myth ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
Robert A. Segal ‫ﺳﻴﺠﺎل‬ ‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫روﺑﺮت‬
‫٤١٠٢م‬ ‫اﻷوﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬
٢٠١٣/٢٠٧٤٨ ‫إﻳﺪاع‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬...

‫اﳌﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
9 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
11 ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
21 ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ -١
45 ‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ا...

‫املﺤﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻜﻴﺐ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮى‬ ‫ﰲ‬

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‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ُﺿﻌﺖ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎملﻴﺔ‬ ‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ُﻌﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ — ‫اﻟﻜﺘ...

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‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ … ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﱰﺷﺪوا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮاء‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺪف‬
.‫املﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫و...

‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎول‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫واﺿﺤ‬...

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‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫املﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻋﱪ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺮى‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫املﻔﻜﺮون‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻء‬ ‫وﻛ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ .‫املﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳ...

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‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫املﺠﺘﻤﻊ؛‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻼﰱ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ،‫أﺧﺮى‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬ ،‫املﻘﺪس‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫وﺑﻌﻴ‬ .‫ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻃري‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫املﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫إﻧﻘﺎذ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺬﺑﺬب‬ ‫إﱃ‬ «‫»اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺸري‬ ،‫ﻧﻈﺮه‬ ‫وﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫و»ﺳﻮء...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
،‫ﺑﺮﺳﻴﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﺻﻨﺪوق‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﱠﺄﺗﻪ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺧ‬ ،‫وﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ‬ .‫ﺑﺄﺑﻴﻬﺎ‬ ...

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‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺘﻪ‬ ‫أوﻓﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ،‫أدوﻧﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫س‬ُ‫ر‬‫أﺑﻮﻟﻮدو‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫زﻫﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻔﺘﻘﺖ‬...

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‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ :‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﺰال‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫أدوﻧﻴﺲ؛‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أﻗﱰح‬ ‫إﻧﻨﻲ‬
ً‫إ...

‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻣريوس‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫رﻓﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫أﻓﻼﻃﻮن‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫رﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ‬
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‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺎرت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻮ‬ ‫وﻣﻤﺎ‬ .‫آﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ،‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬
.‫اﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺼﺔ...

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‫اﻟﻀﻔﺎدع‬ ‫ﴐﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻟﻠﴬﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ «.‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫أو‬...

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‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫إي‬
َ‫ﺪ‬‫املﺆﻳ‬ ‫)٢٣٨١–٧١٩١(؛‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫إي‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺜﺮوﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫...

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1
.‫ﺑﻮﻧﺎﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺸﺔ‬ ،‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫إي‬ :1-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫املﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫وﻳﺒﺪو‬ .‫املﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت‬ ‫أرواح‬...

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‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ؛‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﱪ‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎملﺜﻞ‬
‫ا...

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻔﺴري‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
،‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺼﻌﱢ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻏري‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫املﺴﺒﺒﺎت‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏ...

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‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﴫف‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺒﴩ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ...

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،‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ .‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮت‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ملﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﴪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬
...

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‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻃري‬ ‫وﻟﻴﻄﺮ‬ ،‫ﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫زﺣﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫املﻴﺎه‬ ‫»ﻟﺘﻔﺾ‬ :‫ﷲ‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ...

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‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫وﻳﺮى‬ .‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴني‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺰﻳني‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺘﻪ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻟﻸﺧﻼق‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬
‫ﻻ‬ ،‫وﺑﺎملﺜ...

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‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ،‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ .‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺨﻄﺊ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ؛‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ...

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‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬ً‫إﻟﺤﺎﺣ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ٌ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ‬ ‫املﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻐﻰ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴري‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬...

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‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ،‫ﻳﺘﺼﻮروﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴني‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬
...

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‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻧﻴﺴﻼف‬
‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫إﺣﺪى‬ ...

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‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻟﻮن‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ُﺠﺪي‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ .‫املﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮد‬
‫وﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺴﻮا‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺪاﺋﻴني‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫...

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‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎرض‬ ‫وﰲ‬ ،‫املﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
:«‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻫﻮرﺗﻮن‬ ‫وﻳﺴري‬ .‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴريات‬ ‫وﰲ‬ ،‫ﺷﺨﺼﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫إﻳﺎ...

‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴريات‬ ‫ﺗﴪي‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،«‫»املﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫املﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﴪي‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴريات‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻫﻮرﺗﻮن‬
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‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ملﺤﺎوﻻت‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺼري‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﺮﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ «‫»اﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ‬
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‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫وإن‬ ،‫واﻟﺨﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫املﻌﺘﻘﺪات‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻳﺨ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ .‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫املﻮﻗﻒ...

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‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ؛‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑني‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺣﺪاث‬ ‫وﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬ [‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫]رﺟﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴري‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ‬...

‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫رأي‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻷرﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜري‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫إن‬
....

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ‬ — ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ورﺳﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
.‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ...

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‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫املﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺶ‬‫املﻬﻤﱠ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺳﻮى‬ َ‫ﻳﺒﻖ‬ ‫وﻟﻢ‬ .‫اﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫املﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
.‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻏري‬ ‫وﻧﻘﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮدة‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜري‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ،«‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫»ﻓﻠﺴﻔ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻜﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﻴني‬
‫اﻟ...

‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ووﺿﻌﻮا‬ ،‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫إﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫دﻣﺠﻮا‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ،‫إﴎاﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ...

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‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎس‬ ‫وﻫﺎﻧﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﺘﻤﺎن‬ ‫رودوﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ — ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫املﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫املﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ً‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳرير...

‫واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫ﻣﱪﺣﺔ‬ ‫آﻻم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺎ؛‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﻴﻔﻮس‬ ‫رأﻳﺖ‬
‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺠﺎﻫ‬ ،‫اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺨﺮة‬ ‫اﻹﻣ...

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‫ورد‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ،‫ﺳﻴﺴﻴﻔﻮس‬ ‫اﻗﱰﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻹﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻣريوس‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬
‫أن‬ ‫ﻏري‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء‬...

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫إدراج‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎو...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺣﺮﻓ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ري‬‫ﺗﻔﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴري‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﱰاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻲ‬ ،‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ .‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬...

‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫إن‬
‫وﻳﺠﺐ‬ .‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫وﺗﺆﻣﻦ‬ ،‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫املﻴﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﺗﻌﱪ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫إﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫أي‬ ...

‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻧني‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫ﻃﻮاﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬
.‫املﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬
...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫ﻣﺮا‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮه‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻮس‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺎول‬ — ‫أوﻓﻴﺪ‬ ‫رواﻳﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬ — ‫اﻟﺬي‬ «‫»اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‬ ...

‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫داﺋﻤ‬ ‫اﻻﻏﱰاب‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣﺆﻗ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻨﻮﺻﻴني‬ ‫اﻏﱰاب‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻞ‬ ،‫املﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ .‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﻴني‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ ‫وﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ .‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﻔﴪوﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮا‬
‫أن‬...

‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ .‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎول‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫وﻳﻮﻧﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﺘﻤﺎ...

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،‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬ ‫أﻧﻤﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌني‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬
.‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬
(٦-٥...

‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ :‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋ‬ ‫املﺴﺘﻔﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺬﻟ...

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‫املﻌﱰﻓني‬ ‫املﻠﺤﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺪى‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫وإذا‬ .‫ﺧﺮاﻓﺎت‬ «‫»ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬ ،‫ﺧﺮاﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻳﺮى‬ ...

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‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺪي‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫وﺑﺴﻘﻮط‬ .‫اﻹﻃﻼق‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ٍّا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﺪئ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬
...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫املﻨﺎﴏون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺳﺲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺸﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻮرﻳني‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ري‬‫ﻛﺜ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫وإﺟﻼل‬
.‫ﺗﺤ...

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‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬ — ‫ﺑﴩي‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻞ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻞ‬ ‫املﺘﺸﻜﻜني؛‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﱰض‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺖ...

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‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺮأ‬ُ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻓ‬ ،‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ة‬‫وﻋﺎد‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻇﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫»اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻒ‬ «‫»ﺧﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ،‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
«.‫اﻹﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﴬﺑﻪ...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ،‫أﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫وازع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫دون‬ ،‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻌﻮرﻫﻢ‬
.‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫أوراق‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫إن‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ‬ ،‫إذن‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻄﻘﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬ ...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ .‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﺜ‬‫وﻳﻤ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﻧﻈﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫وﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﱟ‬‫ﻣﺘﻔﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺮض‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺘﻪ؛‬ ...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫إﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺰر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻘﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮر‬ ‫أوﺟﻪ‬ ‫أﻓﺪح‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
.‫ﺎ‬ً‫إﻟﻬ‬ ‫أدوﻧﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪو‬ ‫ًا‬‫ري‬‫أﺧ‬ ،‫واﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺰر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ،‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺗﺎري‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﴬاء‬ ‫اﻟﺬرة‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﺼﺔ‬ :1-4 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
1
.‫ﻋﴩ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻷملﺎن‬ ‫املﻨﻈﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺰر‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ،‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫رﻣﺰي‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬
.‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ،‫ﻊ‬‫املﺠﻤﱠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻼﳽ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫وﰲ‬ .‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
،‫ﻛﻮرﻧﻔﻮرد‬ ‫إم‬ ‫وإف‬ ،‫ﻣﻮراي‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻠﱪت‬ :‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة‬ ‫دارﺳﻮ‬ ...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻷدب‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
.‫اﻷدب‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻘﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ،‫أدب‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ًا‬‫ري‬‫ﺗﻔﺴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
.‫اﻟ...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮم‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺪاء‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﱢل‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻓﺘﺤ‬ .‫ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺴري‬
....

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫رأي‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺪم‬ ،‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬ ‫رأي‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ .‫اﻟﻌﻘﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫إن‬
. ٍ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎو...

‫واﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺄس‬ ،‫ﺗﺸريﻓﻴﺘريي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﺪوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻨﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺪ‬ :2-4 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
2
.‫املﻴﻼ...

‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫أﺑﺮز‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‬ ً‫أﺷﻜﺎﻻ‬ ‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﻮﺛﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ،‫املﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺸري‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼري‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎ...

‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫ﻓريﺟﺴﻮن‬ ‫رأي‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ .‫ﻋﺮﺷﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫املﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﲇ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ .‫رﻋﺎﻳﺎه‬
،‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻷدب‬ ‫ﻓﺮاي‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﺰل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻘﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷدﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫وﻣﺜﻞ‬ .‫اﻷدب‬ ‫اﺳ...

‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﺞ‬ ‫وﻳﺰﻋﻢ‬ .‫دراﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻻﺣﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﺮى‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬
.‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻘﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫أد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬...

‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫وﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫وﺿﻮﺣ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ووﺟﻴﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ً‫ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻻ‬ — ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ ،١٨٧١ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬
‫ُﺘﺨﲆ‬‫ﻳ‬ ،‫اﻷﺑﻄﺎل‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﻓﺎ...

‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬ ‫املﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوب‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎول‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎرﻛﺴﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫وﻋ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ «‫»اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫إذن‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻄﻘﺲ‬ ‫إﻟ...

‫واﻷدب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
.‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪس‬ ‫ﴐﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ُﻘﺎم‬‫ﻳ‬ (٢٢)
‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻄﻲ‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫راﻧﻚ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫و...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ،‫أدوﻧﻴﺲ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ،‫املﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ .‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫أد...

‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ .‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪة...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪر‬ ،‫آﺑﺎﺋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏريﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺎن‬ ‫وﰲ‬ ،‫أﻣﻬﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﺑني‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫رﻏﺒﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
.‫اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫أودﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﴫ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫املﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫املﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫»ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ،‫ﻓﺮوﻳﺪ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ .‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف‬
‫ﻳﺠﺮي‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎر‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﻓﺮوﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ .‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫إﻧﻜﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫وﻫﺬا‬ ،‫ﻻﺑﻨﻪ‬ ‫زوﺟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ُﺴﻠﻢ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻷب‬ ‫رﻓﺾ‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﴘ؛‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺒﺎط‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄر‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺬ‬ ‫إﱃ‬
:‫ا...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻧ‬‫إﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﻳ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫دواﻓﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ،«‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺟﻨﺴ‬ ‫املﻨﺤﺮف‬ ‫»اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫وﺑني‬ ،‫ﻣﺒﺎﴍة‬ ‫ﻏري‬
.‫رﻏﺒﺎﺗﻪ‬...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴني‬ ‫ﻓﺮوﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫رأي‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
،‫ا...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻨﻀﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ — ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺄن‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ — ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷﺑﻄ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﴫاع‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ .‫اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫املﻴﻼد‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺿﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻖ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﳼ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻄﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫وراﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮوﻳﺪ‬ ‫رأي‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﴫ‬ ‫ﺑ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
2
.‫ﻳﻮﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﳼ‬ :2-6 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮزﻳﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮزﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫ﻲ‬َ‫ﻧﺼ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫س‬‫ع‬
‫ص‬
‫ﻓﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ‬ .‫اﻟﺒﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪأ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻴﻼد‬ ‫راﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﺮح‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪأ‬
‫أن‬ ‫و...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫ﻗﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺄرض‬ :‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫وﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﺮوات‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻄﻮي‬
‫ﺟﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻤﺔ‬ ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫»ﺗﻔﺼﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاء‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻘﻮس‬ ‫املﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫وﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮدة‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺸري‬ ،‫رأﻳﻪ‬ ‫وﰲ‬ .‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
ً‫ﻃﻔﻼ‬ ‫املﺮء‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ،‫أدوﻧﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ،«‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫»ﺻﺒ‬ ‫املﺮء‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺶ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ .‫اﻷﺻﲇ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ،‫ﻟﻸم‬ ‫اﻷﺻﲇ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷم‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﻳﺸري‬ ،‫ﻳﻮﻧﺞ‬ ‫رأي‬ ‫وﰲ‬ .‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﻔﻮﱄ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮاﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺧرية‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﻪ‬
،‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺗﻤﺎ...

‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫وﻛﺎن‬ ،‫إﺧﻔﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻏﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻼف‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫إﻳﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻮر‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺮت‬ ‫ﻗ...

‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮد‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺟﺮت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ — ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ٍّﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﺤﺔ‬ ‫واﺑﺘﻜﺎرﻳﺘﻪ‬ ،‫اﻹﻟﻬﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻮاﻃﺮ‬ ‫املﻔﱰض‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﴪﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺮك‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺣﺘ...

‫واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
1
.‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮد‬ :1-7 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ،‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻘﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أودﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻒ‬ ،‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ‬
:‫اﻟﺼﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮازﻳ...

‫واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ً‫ء‬‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﴩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺸري‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻷرض‬ ‫اﻟﺒﴩ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﻜﺎر‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻳ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪف‬ ،«‫»ﺑﻨﻴﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎول‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫أﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﺰم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬...

‫واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫أﻳﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﴫ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺎ؛‬ً‫ﻜ‬‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮي‬ ‫املﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
....

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ُﻠﻘﻰ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ .‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫إﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ،‫ﻟﻴﻔﻲ-ﺳﱰوس‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﻻءﻫﻢ‬
،‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤ...

‫واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫وﺑني‬ ،‫واﻟﺒﴩ‬ ‫املﻄﻬﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺤﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﻮب‬ ‫وﺑني‬ ،‫واﻵﻟﻬﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑني‬ ً‫أوﻻ‬ ‫دﻳﺘﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫إﱃ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﴇ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫وﺑﺪﻻ‬ .‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﴇ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻵﻟﻬﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﺘ...

‫واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫أدوﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫زراﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫أدوﻧﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄﻮي‬
.‫ﻟﻶﻟﻬﺔ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ،«‫ﻫﺮﻛﻠﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫املﺤﺎرب‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻴﺾ‬ ‫»ﺑﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﻠﻪ‬ .‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺼري‬
‫ﺧﻨﻮﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸ...

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫واﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻧﻴﺴﻼف‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ،‫ﺣﴫﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ﺣﴫﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫وﻓﺮﻳﺰر‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫رأي...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫املﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ،‫املﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ «.‫ﺎ‬ً‫دوﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺮي‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫»اﻓﻌﻞ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬...

‫واملﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮرﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮرج‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫أﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫وﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫وﰲ‬ .‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻛﱰاﺛﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮرﻳﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬ .‫اﻟﺜﻮرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣ...

‫واملﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ .‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻗﴡ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻀﻌﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ،‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫أﻳﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻌﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻈﻠﻢ‬
‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺂﺳﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬ ،‫أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫إﻗﻨﺎع‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻧﺐ‬...

‫واملﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫أﺛﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‬ ٍ‫أﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ،«‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻜ‬‫ﻣﻠ‬ ‫»أودﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺷﺒﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺎﻳﺎرﺷﺎخ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫وﻫﻜﺬا‬ ،(٣٢-٣١ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻼن‬ ،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ،‫)ﻫريودوت‬ ‫أﻃﻔﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻼ‬
.‫اﻹﻃﻼق‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫امل...

‫واملﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻮس‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮات‬ ً‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫اﻷم؛‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
،‫ﻣﻴﻼﻧﻴﻮن‬ ‫اﺳﻤﻪ‬ ،‫ﺷﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ذات‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌﻴ‬ ‫وﻣﴣ‬ ،‫اﻟﺰواج‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬
،‫اﻟ...

‫اﳋﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ :‫اﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎز‬ ‫إذا‬ ،‫ﻋﴩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬ ‫املﺮء‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺄ‬ ‫ملﺎذا‬ ،‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪر‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ :‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﴍ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫املﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ .(‫إﻟﺦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ،‫)اﻟ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻵﻓﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻨﴫﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ .‫املﺸﺎﻫري‬ ‫أي‬
،‫اﻟﻌﺎملﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ :‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
.‫اﻵﻟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻼم‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻮم‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫أﻳ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺠﺐ‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻼم؛‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻫﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫أﻳﻦ‬ ‫...

‫اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ‬
References are presented in the order in which they appear in each
chapter.
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
On the antiquity of theories ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
William D. Rubinstein, The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could
Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis (Lo...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
of faith, attributes to divine intervention what the believer acknowl-
edges can be fully accounted for scientif...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
A theologian who assumes that Genesis 1 is anything but an account of
creation is Langdon Gilkey. See his Maker ...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
F. M. Cornford, From Religion to Philosophy (London: Arnold, 1912);
Principium Sapientiae, ed. W. K. C. Guthrie ...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
[1955]), pp. 88–91; Homer, The Odyssey, tr. Richmond Lattimore (New
York: Harper Torchbooks, 1968 [1965]), p. 18...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
William Robertson Smith, Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, First
Series, 1st edn. (Edinb...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
Hellenic Studies, 71 (1951): 120–8; on myth and literature, ‘Hamlet
and Orestes: A Study in Traditional Types’, ...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Applications of the theory of myth to literature: Jessie L. Weston, From
Ritual to Romance (Cambridge: Cambridge...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
the Unconscious’ (1959) and ‘Forming Fours’ (1954), in Northrop Frye
on Culture and Literature, ed. Robert D. De...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
Johann Georg von Hahn, Sagwissenschaftliche Studien (Jena: Mauke, 1876),
p. 340; tr. Henry Wilson in John C. Dun...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences, tr. Charles R. Payne (New York:
Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing, 1...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
On Adonis, see especially C. G. Jung, Symbols of Transformation, Collected
Works of C. G. Jung, ed. Sir Herbert ...

‫املﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Tavistock, 1967), pp. 1–47. André Akoun et al., ‘A Conversation with
Claude Lévi-Strauss’.
On Lévi-Strauss’ myth...

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺔ‬
On matriarchy in Greece and elsewhere, see, classically, J. J. Bachofen,
Myth, Religion, and Mother Right, tr. R...

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