Bio380 Human Evolution: Waking the dead

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Bio380: Waking the Dead Neanderthal genes and genomes Professor Mark Pallen

Bio380 Genes and Genomes lectures <ul><li>Lecture 1 Waking the Dead </li></ul><ul><li>Lecture 2 Scatterlings of Africa </l...

Learning outcomes <ul><li>At the end of this lecture you should be able to answer these questions: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>w...

Neandert(h)al <ul><li>Valley near Düsseldorf </li></ul><ul><li>Named after 17th century pastor, Joachim Neumann </li></ul>...

Discovery <ul><li>Numerous caves and rock shelters along valley, including Kleine Feldhof Grotte </li></ul><ul><li>In 1850...

Discovery <ul><li>Neanderthal 1 became type specimen for Homo neanderthalensis </li></ul><ul><li>“ prequals” </li></ul><u...

Re-discovery...

>400 specimens found

Timeline <ul><li>First proto-Neanderthal features ~350Kya </li></ul><ul><li>Full-blown Neanderthals: </li></ul><ul><ul><li...

Culture <ul><li>Mousterian culture </li></ul><ul><ul><li>tool use, fire, burials, skinning </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>car...

Anatomically distinct from AMH <ul><li>differences > than in 2 chimp species </li></ul><ul><li>more robust than AMH </li><...

Fate of the Neanderthals <ul><li>Coexistence for 15-20 ky </li></ul><ul><li>Possible fates </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Rapid ext...

Was their genetic exchange between AMH and Neanderthals? OR Africa Eurasia Africa Eurasia Neanderthals Neanderthals

What can sequences tell us <ul><li>Population genetics of modern populations </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Are there sequences in ...

Mitochondrial DNA <ul><li>favoured because </li></ul><ul><ul><li>100-10,000 copies per cell </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>D...

Neanderthal sequence outside modern human range

Summary of Evidence from mtDNA <ul><li>Neanderthal mtDNA is quite different from </li></ul><ul><ul><li>all present human m...

November 2006…

The verdict...

“ By contrast, the complete Neandertal mtDNA now offers 133 such positions. This enables a reliable estimation of mtDNA co...

Darwin’s 200 th Birthday February 12 th 2009 <ul><li>1X draft sequence of Neanderthal genome announced </li></ul><ul><u...

Neanderthal genome <ul><li>Comparisons with chimp and AMH genomes found 78 base substitutions that change protein sequence...

Selective sweeps

Selective sweeps <ul><li>Neanderthals fall within variation in modern humans in many parts of genome </li></ul><ul><li>All...

But are Neanderthals more closely related to some AMHs than to others? <ul><li>Compare sites with derived SNPs in Neandert...

Neanderthals AMH European Chinese Papuan West African San

Can molecules tell us anything about what Neanderthals were really like? <ul><li>Specific studies on candidate genes and m...

Neanderthals AMH European Chinese Papuan West African San Denisovans

Overlap of archaic & AMH in Africa?

Conclusions <ul><li>Now have multiple Neanderthal mtDNA sequences </li></ul><ul><ul><li>All outside the range of human var...

The last word? Are we really that surprised....?!

Recommended viewing <ul><li>Search YouTube: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>For a bad (and I mean bad!) 1970s Neanderthal pop song u...

Image sources and rights <ul><li>http://www.flickr.com/photos/erix/142070879/sizes/z/in/photostream/ Some rights reserved ...

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