`For the Love of the Republic' Education, Secularism, and Empowerment

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‘For the Love of the Republic’
Education, Secularism, and Empowerment∗
Selim Gulesci†
Erik Meyersson‡
January 28, 2015
Abs...

“Our women are now seen as serving no useful purpose to mankind other than having chil-
dren; they are considered simply a...

laws in Western countries to estimate returns to education in the labor market (Angrist and Krueger
[3], Oreopoulos [45]),...

marriage or first birth. However, we do find that it affected women’s decision rights with regards
to both marriage and ferti...

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With a few exceptions, research on the consequences of female education in Muslim societies remains
limited. Lavy and Zabl...

work is largely complementary to theirs.
Our paper adds to the research literature by providing meaningful causal paramete...

scores lower than western countries and similar to other majority-Muslim countries on international
gender equality rankin...

against the inﬂuence of various quarters... an eight-year uninterrupted educational system
must be implemented across the ...

opposed to reforming aspects of the main education system, such as the curriculum or other rules
(D¨ulger [18]). Since mal...

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and fasting, which are more common15. The mean level of the religiosity index is 0.43 and its standard
deviation is 0.24.
...

remain highly vulnerable with little or no control over their earnings (White [59]).
The last two rows of Panel C report s...

the birth-date-related discontinuity as an instrument for schooling. As will be clear in Section 4, in
our design the ﬁrst...

another during her childhood, and whether she was born in any of the southeast provinces of Turkey.24
The graphs A through...

little reason to expect that the treatment aﬀected likelihood of inclusion into the sample restricted to
married women we ...

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what implications does this have for our design?
Our design rests on inference, at the discontinuity, from compliers with ...

between age and women’s schooling in Turkey28.
In order to establish these relationships more thoroughly, we estimate spec...

ity that women in Turkey graduated from high school (which corresponds to 12 grades of completed
schooling). The local lin...

shows evidence of a negative jump at the discontinuity, similar to the graph for wearing a headscarf in
Figure 3.
Table 3 ...

enlightenment story. The negative eﬀect on having attended a Qur’an study course is also in line with
this view, as the sp...

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declining phenomenon in Turkey, still occurred for 20 percent of the cases in our sample, and as can be
expected, schoolin...

treatment eﬀect of 2.5 percentage points, corresponding to a 5 percent increase relative to the sample
mean. A more detail...

schooling (low mother’s education sample) and women whose mothers had some formal schooling (high
mother’s education sampl...

we find that the reform had similar effects in the two subsamples. Specifically, the treatment effects
reported in columns 1, ...

eﬀect of the reform on wealth are assets related to home production. Thus, it is possibile that many
women who – through t...

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treated cohorts exhibit lower religiosity, higher decision rights (over their marriage) and have higher
consumption of hou...

ligious education have greatly harmed Turkish students. Education is no longer the guinea
pig of certain segments in socie...

[4] Barro, Robert and Rachel McCleary, 2006, “Religion and Economy”, Journal of Economic Per-
spectives, 20(2): 49-74.
[5]...

[20] Fish, Steven, 2002, “Islam and Authoritarianism”, World Politics 55 (October 2002), 4-37
[21] Friedman, Willa, Michae...

[37] Lee, David S and Thomas Lemieux, 2009, “Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics,” NBER
Working Paper, No. 14723...

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[54] Turkey Demographic and Health Survey, 2008, mimeo, Hacettepe University.
[55] UNDP, 2005, “Arab Human Development Rep...

Table 1: Summary Statistics of Ever Married Women 16-26 years of age
Panel A: Education
Mean SD Obs
Schooling 6.29 3.80 15...

Table2:RDTreatmentEffectsonSchooling
OutcomeCompletedEducation
YearsofSchoolingJr.HighHighPrimaryVocational
Bandwidthˆhˆh/...

Table 3: RD Treatment Effect of Education on Measures of Religiosity
Religiosity Wears Attended Prays Regularly Prays Fast...

Table 4: RD Treatment Effect of Education on Empowerment
Age at Decision on Brideprice Employed Self- Unpaid Husband’s Ass...

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Table 5: RD Treatment Effects on Education by Mother’s Education
Years of school Primary school Secondary school High scho...

Table 6: RD Treatment Effects on Empowerment by Mother’s Education
Religiosity Marriage Brideprice Employment Husband’s As...

Figure1:BalancedCovariates
0.2.4.6.81
−60−40−200204060
ForcingVariable
A.Mothercompletedprimaryschool
0.2.4.6.81
−60−40−20...

Figure2:2008DHSHouseholdSample
.4.5.6.7.8.9
1516171819202122232425262728
WomenwithCompletedJr.HighSchool
.4.5.6.7.8.9
1516...

Figure 3: Graphical RD: Treatment and Placebo
04812
−60 −30 0 30 60
Born After September 1986 (in months)
Treatment: 2008 ...

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Figure 4: Graphical RD: Empowerment outcomes
.2.4.6.8
−60 −30 0 30 60
Religiosity Index
1416182022
−60 −30 0 30 60
Age at ...

Figure 5: Density test
0.001.002.003
Density
−100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80
Born After September 1986 (months)
Discont...

A Data variables
• Outcome variables:
– Years of Schooling – Number of completed years of school.
– Junior High School – R...

– Father’s education – Dummy variables for whether the respondent’s father has no schooling,
completed primary school, jun...

Appendix B Additional Tables and Figures (Not for Publication):
Table 7: TDHS Household Module: Schooling and Marital Stat...

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Table 8: Correlates of Being Selected into the Ever-Married Women Sample
Ever-married Never-married Diﬀerence
Observations...

Table 9: RD Treatment Effects on Education for Married vs Unmarried Women
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Panel A: Dependent Variable – Ye...

Table10:RDTreatmentEffectsonCovariates
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)
NoIncompleteCompleteSecondaryHighUniversity...

Table 11: RD Treatment Effects on Marriage Characteristics
Age at ﬁrst Number of Own decision on Brideprice
marriage birth...

Table 12: Treatment Effects on Women’s Labor Market Outcomes
Type of employment
Any Non- Agriculture Self- Unpaid Regular ...

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Table13:RDTreatmentEffectsonSpouseCharacteristics
Husband’sschoolingTypeofhusband’sjob
AgeofYearsofJr.HighHighUniversityNo...

Table14:RDTreatmentEffectsonTypesofHouseholdAssetsOwned:Part1
microdish-washingvacuum
fridgeovenwaveblenderwashermachineir...

Table15:RDTreatmentEffectsonTypesofHouseholdAssetsOwned:Part2
cellphonecomputerinternetLCDcable-tvantennaDVDcameracartaxi/...

Table16:RDTreatmentEffectsonGenderAttitudes
MenshouldWomenAwomanmayWomenareWomenshouldWomendon’tWomencanWomencanEducating
...

Table 17: RD Treatment Effects on Attitudes towards Domestic Violence
Respondent thinks physical violence towards a woman ...

Figure 6: RD graphs for years of education by bin size
468 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Born After September 1986 (annual bi...

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