Unit 6

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UNIT 6: THE
PRIMARY
SECTOR

Definition
 The Primary Sector consists of economic
activities tha obtain resources from
nature.

Agricultural space
 People modify natural areas in order to
use them for crop agriculture, livestock
farming or forestry....

Agricultural space
Factors
Phisical factors
Climate
Relief
Soil
Vegetation
Human factors
Population growth
Economic and te...

PHISICAL FACTORS
 TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
 Plants need to grow:
 minimum temperatures: 10ºC-45ºC
 Rainfall (900-1200 ...

PHISICAL FACTORS
 ADVERSE PHENOMENA

PHISICAL FACTORS
 RELIEF
Sunny and
shady sides of
mountains.
Sunny south-
facing sides are
more appropiate
for crops.
Sha...

PHISICAL FACTORS
 RELIEF
 Exposure to the wind: strong winds can
damage crops.

PHISICAL FACTORS
 RELIEF
 Incline of slopes:
 flat surfaces facilitate
agricultural work and very
steep slopes make it ...

PHISICAL FACTORS
 RELIEF
 Altitude:
 for every 1000 m of altitude, temperatures fall
by 6ºC.
 For this reason, after a...

PHISICAL FACTORS
 SOIL
 Thickness
 Deep soil is mor
appropiate for
the cultivation of
most crops
because roots
have mor...

PHISICAL FACTORS
 SOIL
 Nutrients
 The more appropiate nutrients the soil has, the
better it is for agriculture.

PHISICAL FACTORS
 VEGETATION
 Vegetation provides the soil with humus, so the
more vegetation an area has, the more fert...

 LISTEN TO THE KEY WORDS ON PAGE 92
 DO THE FOLLOWING EXERCICES:
 Page 95
 3, 4, 5

VOCABULARY
 descenso de la
población
 tierra cultivada
 elección de cultivos
 maquinaria
 fertilizantes
 pesticidas
...

HUMAN FACTORS
 POPULATION GROWTH
 The extension of agricultural space
depends on it:
 The more population an area has, ...

HUMAN FACTORS
 POPULATION GROWTH
 The extension of agricultural space
depends on it:
 A decrease in population means th...

HUMAN FACTORS
 ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
A country´s economy and
the demand for certain
products influence
Th...

HUMAN FACTORS
 LAND OWNERSHIP
Cultivated land
ownership
One person
Individual
ownership
Several people
Municipality
Coope...

HUMAN FACTORS
 LAND OWNERSHIP
Cultivated land work
The owner works the land
directly
The owner transfers the
land o other...

HUMAN FACTORS
 FARM SIZE
 SMALLHOLDINGS

HUMAN FACTORS
 FARM SIZE
 LARGE ESTATES

HUMAN FACTORS
 AGRICULTURAL POLICY
 Measures and actions taken by:
 National government
 International institutions
 ...

HUMAN FACTORS
 CUSTOMS
 In some regions the land children inherit
from their parents is not divided up:

HUMAN FACTORS
 CUSTOMS
 In other regions, children inherit a piece of
their parent´s land:

 Exercises 6 and 8

VOCABULARY
 Espacio cultivado
 Espacio habitado
 Tierra sembrada
 Finca
 Tierra/campo
 Forma geométrica
 Forma irre...

STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
STRUCTURE
Cultivated
space
Inhabited
space

STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
 INHABITED SPACE: Small towns

STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
 INHABITED SPACE: Villages

STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
SPACE
 INHABITED SPACE: Individual farms

STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
CULTIVATED SPACE
SIZE
Small
Less than 1 ha
Medium
1ha – 10ha
Large
More than 10 ha
1 ha = ...

STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
 CULTIVATED SPACE: SHAPE
Regular or geometrical
Irregular

STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
 CULTIVATED SPACE: PLOT BOUNDARIES
BOCAGE
• Small fields are
separated by
hedges, trees, ...

STRUCTURE OF
AGRICULTURAL SPACE
 CULTIVATED SPACE: PLOT BOUNDARIES
OPENFIELD
• Fields are open
• Fields can only be
diffe...

 Exercises 1 and 2 on page 94

VOCABULARY
 Sistema de riego
 Rendimiento
 Huertas
 Consumo
 Materias primas
 Sistemas de cultivo
 Agricultura de r...

FARMING SYSTEMS
Depending
on the use of
water
Irrigated
agriculture
Rain-fed
agriculture

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
 Crops receive water from man-made
irrigation systems.
Sprinklers
Drip irrigation
Flood irrigation

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
Fruit trees
Cotton
Vegetables
Rice

FARMING SYSTEMS
Depending
on the variety
of species
Monoculture
Mixed
cropping

MONOCULTURE
 The cultivation of a single species in an
agricultural area.
Cereals
Cotton
Coffee

MIXED CROPPING
 The cultivation of several species in an
agricultural area.
 Mixed crops grown by irrigated
agriculture ...

FARMING SYSTEMS
Depending on
the utilisation
of the soil
Intensive
agriculture
Extensive
agriculture

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
 High capital investment (in tools,
machinery, equipment, etc)
 A lot of workers (labour)
 Maximu...

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
 High capital investment (in tools,
machinery, equipment, etc)
 A lot of workers (labour)
 Maximu...

EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
 It does not use all the technological or
human resources (workers) available to
obtain the maximum...

EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
 La tradicional no cultiva todo el suelo,
dejando una parte en barbecho, para evitar
su agotamiento...

 Exercises 9 and 10 on page 99

VOCABULARY
 Agricultura de subsistencia
 Técnicas antiguas
 Baja productividad
 Agricultor
 Agricultura itinerante o ...

AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
 Agricultural activities create different
types of agricultural landscape.
Agricultural activitie...

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Subsitence
agriculture
Ancient techniques
Low productivity
Most products are for
farmer´s own
cons...

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Slash-and-burn agriculture
To prepare
the land,
the
vegetation
is cut down
and burnt,
and the
ashe...

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
 Slash-and-burn agriculture is used to grow
millet sorghum tapioca

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Intensive agriculture of
Monsoon Asia
Rice is
grown on
small plots.

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Commercial
agriculture
High
investment
Advanced
techniques
Drip irrigation,
greenhouses,
fertiliser...

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Advanced agriculture of Europe
Flowers
Cereals
Market garden
products

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Mediterranean agriculture
 Rain-fed agriculture
Wheat
Vines
Olives

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Mediterranean agriculture
 Irrigated agriculture
Vegetables
Fruit trees

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Extensive New World agriculture
 Large farms employ few workers and use
a lot of machinery.
 They...

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Plantations
 Plantations are owned by big multinational companies.
Cocoa
Bananas Pineapples
Tea Co...

AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
 Interprete the map on page 97 about
World Agriculture.
 Homework:
 Exercise 13, page 99
 Exer...

LIVESTOCK FARMING:
VOCABULARY
 Ganadería
 Ganado vacuno
 Ganado aviar
 Inversión en capital
 Ganadería extensiva
 Pa...

LIVESTOCK FARMING
 Definition
 This type of farming obtains different
products from animals (meat, milk, wool,
eggs, etc...

TYPES OF LIVESTOCK
COWS OXEN BULLS
CATTLE

TYPES OF LIVESTOCK
SHEEP GOATS MULES
HORSES RABBITS PIGS

TYPES OF LIVESTOCK
HENS CHICKENS TURKEYS
DUCKS
POULTRY

Types of livestock
farming
Capital investment
and labour
Food and feeding
methods
Mobility of
livestock

TYPES OF FARMING
Capital investment and labour
Extensive
livestock farming
Intensive
livestock farming

Capital investment and labour
 EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK
FARMING
 Capital investment in
feed, farms, etc, is
limited.
 Low pr...

Capital investment
and labour
 INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK
FARMING
 Capital investment in
feed, farms, etc, is high.
 High prod...

Food and feeding methods
Animals feed on grass.
Example of extensive
farming
GRAZING LIVESTOCK
Animals are kept in sheds
a...

Mobility of livestock
Herders and their families
are constantly moving with
their animals in search of
good pasture.
NOMAD...

 Exercises
 Page 99: ex. 11, 12, 14 and 15

FOREST EXPLOITATION
 It´s the utilisation of forest products:
 Timber
 Cork
 Resin
 Etc
 Read chart «Some forest pro...

FOREST EXPLOITATION
 FORESTRY
 It´s an activity with the purspose of
exploiting the forest but the regenerating it.
 RE...

FISHING AND THE USE OF THE
SEA: VOCABULARY
 Capturar pescado
 Artes de pesca
 Pesca con palangre
 Pesca de arrastre
 ...

FISHING AND THE USE OF THE
SEA
 What is fishing?
 Fishing is the practice of catching fish and other
marine species for ...

FISHING TECHNIQUES
 LONGLINE FISHING
Fishing technique in
which fish are
caught using a long
line held up by
floats, off ...

FISHING TECHNIQUES
 TRAWLING
Fishing technique in which one or two boats (trawlers)
drag a net along the bottom of the se...

FISHING TECHNIQUES
 LIFT-NETTING
Fishing technique in which one or two boats surround the
fish with a net, which then clo...

TYPES OF FISHING
Deep-sea fishing / Off-shore fishing / Coastal fishing

USE OF THE SEA
USE OF
THE
SEA
SEEWEED AND
ALGAE FOR FOOD
MINERALS
DRINKING WATER
SALT WATER
SOURCE OF ENERGY
(TYDES)
TRANS...

AQUACULTURE
 What for?
 To avoid the depletion of fishing grounds
 What does it consist of?
 It consists of the reprod...

 Isabel Aguña
 Bilingual section

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