Air quality-2014

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EEA Report No 5/2014
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
ISSN 1725-9177

EEA Report No 5/2014
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report

Cover design: EEA
Cover photo © iStockphoto/Sjoerd van der Wal
Left photo © flickr/Problemkind
Right photo © flickr/Tim...

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3
Contents
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
Contents
Acknowledgements.................................................

Contents
5 Air pollution and ecosystem health....................................................................... 58
...

5
Acknowledgements
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the European
Envi...

6
Acronyms, units and symbols
Acronyms, units and symbols
μg/m3 Microgram(s) per cubic metre
AEI Average exposure indi...

Acronyms, units and symbols
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 7
SIA Secondary inorganic aerosols
SLCP Short-lived cli...

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8
Executive summary
Executive summary
Despite considerable improvements in the past
decades, Europe is still far from ...

Executive summary
Table ES.1 Percentage of the urban population in the EU-28 exposed to air pollutant
concentrations abo...

Executive summary
Figure ES.1 Development of population-weighted concentrations in urban agglomerations
in the EU-28 for...

Executive summary
quality and climate change can thus be tackled
together by policies and measures developed
through an...

Executive summary
• Europe's sustained ambient O3 concentrations
continue to adversely affect vegetation growth
and cro...

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13
Introduction
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Air pollution is the top environmen...

Introduction
Figure 1.1 Impacts of air pollution
Source: EEA.
intercontinental cooperation is therefore necessary
and ...

15
Policy response instruments and legislation
2 Policy response instruments and
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
l...

Policy response instruments and legislation
directives and international conventions regulate
emissions of the main air ...

Policy response instruments and legislation
and electricity, depending on the energy content
of the product and the amou...

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Policy response instruments and legislation
proposes strengthening the implementation of
existing legislation, introduci...

Policy response instruments and legislation
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 19
• for agriculture: improved storage o...

20
Sources and emissions of air pollutants
3 Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Air pollutants may be categorised ...

Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Figure 3.1 Development in EU-28 emissions of PM2.5, PM10, NOX, SOX, NH3, NMVOC, C...

Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Figure 3.2 Contributions to EU-28 emissions from main source sectors
(Gg/year = ...

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Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 23
public perception that it is a 'green' op...

Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Box 3.1 Episodes with high PM concentrations
Episodes with enhanced air pollutio...

Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 25
The 'solvent and product use' sector has ...

Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Figure 3.3 Contributions to EU-28 emissions from main source sectors
(Gg/year = ...

Sources and emissions of air pollutants
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 27
to an increase in the use of solid fuels ...

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Sources and emissions of air pollutants
The sectors emitting the most Hg in 2012 were
energy production and industry, ac...

29
Air pollution and human health
4 Air pollution and human health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
4.1 Description...

Air pollution and human health
O3 also has a marked effect on human health, with
recent epidemiological studies indicati...

Air pollution and human health
Table 4.1 Effects on human health of air pollutants in ambient air
Pollutant Health effec...

Air pollution and human health
Table 4.2 Summary of the Air Quality Directive's limit values, target values, long-term
o...

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Air pollution and human health
possible, as no threshold for PM has been identified
below which no damage to health is o...

Air pollution and human health
in that country are obliged to notify their citizens,
using a public information notice. ...

Air pollution and human health
40° 50° 60° 70°
0° 10° 90.4 percentile of PM10
0 500 1000 1500 km
30°
30°
20°
20°
1...

Air pollution and human health
Map 4.2 Concentrations of PM2.5 (2012)
10°
-30° -20° -10° 0°
0° 10° 30°
Annual mean fi...

Air pollution and human health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 37
Figure 4.2 Attainment situation for PM10 in EU-28 ...

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Air pollution and human health
Figure 4.3 Attainment situation for PM2.5 in the EU-28 (2012)
Spain
50
40
30
20
10
...

Air pollution and human health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 39
The rural background concentration level
of PM co...

Air pollution and human health
Figure 4.5 Trends in PM10 (top: 2003–2012) and PM2.5 (bottom: 2006–2012) annual
μg/m3/yea...

Air pollution and human health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 41
The reductions in emissions of the PM precursors
...

Air pollution and human health
Map 4.3 Concentrations of O3 (2012)
10°
-30° -20° -10° 0°
30°
20°
20°
0° 10°
Canary...

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Air pollution and human health
Figure 4.6 Attainment situation for O3 in the EU-28 (2012)
μg/m3
200
150
100
50
Note...

Air pollution and human health
and Latvia also registered an average increase in the
maximum daily 8-hour mean O3 concen...

Air pollution and human health
In conclusion, despite the fact that emission control
legislation in Europe has achieved ...

Air pollution and human health
Figure 4.8 Attainment situation for annual limit value of NO2 in the EU-28 (2012)
μg/m3
...

Air pollution and human health
Figure 4.9 Trend in NO2 annual mean per station type (2003–2012)
μg/m3/year
5.0
2.5
0....

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Air pollution and human health
Map 4.5 Concentrations of BaP in 2012
10°
-30° -20° -10° 0°
30°
20°
20°
0° 10°
Cana...

Air pollution and human health
Figure 4.10 Attainment situation for annual mean concentration of BaP in EU-28 (2012)
ng/...

Air pollution and human health
Map 4.6 Concentrations of CO (2012)
10°
-30° -20° -10° 0°
Annual mean carbon
0° 10° 30...

Air pollution and human health
10°
-30° -20° -10° 0°
30°
20°
20°
0° 10°
Canary Is. -30°
Azores Is.
Annual mean ca...

Air pollution and human health
Map 4.8 Concentrations of C6H6 (2012)
10°
-30° -20° -10° 0°
0° 10° 30°
Annual mean ben...

Air pollution and human health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 53
the lower assessment threshold of 2 μg/m3. When
c...

Air pollution and human health
(respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer), with both
long- and short-term health effects. ...

Air pollution and human health
Table 4.4 Premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 and O3 exposure in 2011 in 40 European
A...

Air pollution and human health
been applied. In view of the uncertainty regarding
the presence of a 'no-effect threshold...

Air pollution and human health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 57
is very localised and infrequent, and is limited t...

58
Air pollution and ecosystem health
5 Air pollution and ecosystem health
5.1 Adverse effects of air pollution on
eco...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 59
rates but also on the location and conditions ...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
Table 5.2 Summary of Air Quality Directive critical levels, target values and long-ter...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
5.3 Status in ecosystems-relevant air
pollutants
Ozone (O3)
The threshold used for ...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
Map 5.1 Exposure of European agricultural areas to O3 (AOT40) (2011)
Source: EEA, 201...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
5.4 Exposure and impacts on
ecosystems
5.4.1 Extent of ecosystems exposure to ozone ...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
Estimated impacts of ozone (O3) on vegetation
The direct exposure to O3 is considered...

Air pollution and ecosystem health
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 65
by the ETC/ACM. For SO2, 232 rural background ...

66
Air pollution effects on climate change
6 Air pollution effects on climate change
Atmospheric pollution and climate ...

Air pollution effects on climate change
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 67
When addressing air pollution and global ...

68
References
References
Ainsworth, E. A., Yendrek, C. R., Sitch, S., Collins,
W. J. and Emberson, L. D., 2012, 'The e...

References
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 69
pdf/Impact_assessment_en.pdf) accessed 15 July
2014.
EC, 2013b, Envi...

References
eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=CELEX:31999L0032:EN:NOT) accessed
16 July 2014.
EU, 2001, D...

References
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 71
the Nervous System', Journal of Toxicology, 2012,
pp. 1–23.
Grice, S...

References
natural vegetation in Europe (1990-2006) in relation
to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps', Global
Change Biol...

References
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report 73
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
Geneva (http://icpvege...

74
Annex 1
Annex 1 Trends in PM10, PM2.5, O3 and NO2
by country and station type
Table A1.1 Average trends of PM10 ann...

Annex 1
Table A1.2 Average trends of PM10 90.4 percentile concentrations and 95 % confidence limits
(μg.m-3/year), by co...

Annex 1
Table A1.3 Average trends of PM2.5 annual mean concentrations and 95 % confidence limits
(μg.m-3/year), by count...

Annex 1
Table A1.4 Average trends of O3 93.2 percentile concentrations and 95 % confidence limits
(μg.m-3/year), by coun...

Annex 1
Table A1.5 Average trends of O3 mean summer and winter concentrations and 95 %
confidence limits (μg.m-3/year) b...

Annex 1
Table A1.6 Average trends of NO2 annual mean concentrations and 95 % confidence limits
(μg.m-3/year), by country...

Annex 1
Table A1.7 Average trends of NO2 99.8 percentile hourly concentrations and 95 % confidence
limits (μg.m-3/year),...

European Environment Agency
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
2014 — 80 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 978-92-9213-490-7
do...

TH-AL-14-005-EN-C
doi:10.2800/22847
European Environment Agency
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Tel.: +45...

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