Artificial intelligence and the Singularity - History, Trends and R...

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Artificial Intelligence
and the Singularity
piero scaruffi
www.scaruffi.com
October 2014
"The person who says it cannot be...

Table of Contents
• The future of mind
– Knowledge-based systems
– Connectionist systems
– ...and their cultural backgroun...

A timeline of Artificial Intelligence:
http://www.scaruffi.com/mind/ai.html

4
A Brief History of Logic
George Boole's "The Laws Of Thought" (1854): the
laws of logic “are” the laws of thought
Propos...

5
A Brief History of Logic
Axiomatization of Thought:
Gottlob Frege's "Foundations of Arithmetic"
(1884)
Giuseppe Peano's ...

A Brief History of Logic
• David Hilbert (1928)
– Entscheidungsproblem problem: the
mechanical procedure for proving
mathe...

1912 –1954
Alan Turing

8
The Cultural Context
• 1910-1950 Everything changed:
– Everyday life
– The foundations of science
– The concept of art
–...

9
• Electricity
• Regriferator
• Automobile
• Airlane
• Telegraph
• Telephone
• Phonograph
• Camera
• Cinema
• Radio
• Typ...

10
You are a
formulaEverything
is relative
You are and
you are not
You are just
a reflex
You are a
probability
Everything ...

11
The
emancipation of
the dissonance
History is a
nightmare from
which I am trying
to awake.

12
There will always
be something you
cannot prove
Your mind
creates reality
Truth is an
opinion
Life and machines
obey th...

13
Cultural Context
• Bottom line:
– Nonconformism
– Anxiety
– Noise
– Freedom

14
Cultural Context
• World War II (1939-45)
• The Holocaust
• Hiroshima
• Disintegration of the British Empire
• Rise of ...

15
Alan Turing
• Hilbert’s challenge (1928): an algorithm
capable of solving all the mathematical
problems
• Turing Machin...

Alan Turing
• Alan Turing (1936)
– Universal Turing Machine: a Turing
machine that is able to simulate any other
Turing ma...

17
Alan Turing
(BTW, the halting problem is undecidable, i.e. Hilbert’s
Entscheidungsproblem is impossible)

Alan Turing
• Turing machines in nature: the ribosome,
which translates RNA into proteins
– Genetic alphabet: nucleotides ...

19
Alan Turing
• World War II:
– Breaking the Enigma code (Bombe)
– Turing worked at Bletchley Park where the
Colossus was...

20
The Turing Century
• Can you name any achievement of the last
50 years (from the Moon landing to animal
cloning) that w...

2121
Electronic Brains
• 1941: Konrad Zuse's Z3 programmable
electromechanical computer, the first Turing-
complete machin...

2222
Electronic Brains
• 1944: Howard Aiken of IBM unveils the first
computer programmed by punched paper tape,
the electr...

23
Electronic Brains
1945: John Von Neumann's computer architecture
Control unit:
•reads an instruction from memory
•inter...

2424
Electronic Brains
1946: The first non-military computer, ENIAC, or
"Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer",
is...

2525
Electronic Brains
Computation

2626
Electronic Brains
• Apr 1949: The Manchester Mark 1, the first
stored-program electronic computer
• May 1949: Cambrid...

2727
Electronic Brains
• May 1950: The first stored-program
electronic computer to be deployed in
the USA, the SEAC, and t...

2828
Electronic Brains
(Computer History Museum, Mountain View)
• Goldstine and Eckert with the electronics
needed to stor...

2929
Electronic Brains
Computer programmers of 1951: Patsy Simmers
(holding an ENIAC board) Gail Taylor (holding an
EDVAC ...

3030
Electronic Brains
1954: IBM's first “mass-produced” computer, the 650
(1,800 units sold - $200-400,000 each)

3131
Electronic Brains
• USA/ Semiconductors
– 1947: AT&T's Bell Labs invent the transistor
(William Shockley, John Bardee...

3232
Electronic Brains
• USA/ Semiconductors
– 1961: Texas Instruments introduces the first
commercial integrated circuit
...

33
Electronic Brains
The future of your brain is coming faster
than your brain can think…

3434
Electronic Brains
Software
• 1958: Jim Backus (at IBM) invents the FORTRAN
programming language, the first machine-
i...

3535
Electronic Brains
Democratizing technology
• Antitrust policies contribute to the rapid diffusion
of intellectual pro...

Cybernetics
The Steam Engine
• Biggest impact on daily life since the printing press
• Inventors are ordinary people, not ...

Cybernetics
• Mathematician Norbert Wiener, physiologist Arturo
Rosenblueth and engineer Julian Bigelow: "Behavior,
Purpos...

Cybernetics
• Macy Conference on Cybernetics (March 1946, New York)
– John von Neumann (computer science)
– Rafael Lorente...

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener (1947)
• Bridge between machines and nature,
between "artificial" systems and natural
systems
•...

40
The Turing Test
1950: Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
(the "Turing Test")
Can machines think?

41
The Turing Test
The Turing Test (1950)
• Hide a human in a room and a machine in another
room and type them questions: ...

42
The Turing Test
The “Turing point”: a computer can be said to be intelligent if its
answers are indistinguishable from ...

43
Disembodied Intelligence
• What Turing and Wiener did
– Removed the body from intelligence
– Intelligence has to do wit...

44
Fear of the Technocracy
• Wright Mills: "The Power Elite" (1956)
• Jacques Ellul: "The Technological Society"
(1964)
• ...

45
Artificial Intelligence
1954: Demonstration of a machine-
translation system by Leon Dostert's team
at Georgetown Unive...

46
Artificial Intelligence
1956: Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
demonstrate the "Logic Theorist“, the first
A.I. program, ...

47
Artificial Intelligence
1957: Noam Chomsky's "Syntactic Structures"
S stands for Sentence, NP for Noun Phrase, VP for V...

48
Artificial Intelligence
1957: Frank Rosenblatt's Perceptron, the first
artificial neural network

49
Artificial Intelligence
1959: John McCarthy's "Programs with
Common Sense" focuses on knowledge
representation
1959: Ar...

50
Artificial Intelligence
1963 Irving John Good speculates about
"ultraintelligent machines" (the "singularity")
1964: IB...

51
Artificial Intelligence
1966: Ross Quillian's semantic networks

52
Artificial Intelligence
1966: Joe Weizenbaum's Eliza
1967: Zuse suggests that the universe is a computation
1968: Peter...

53
Artificial Intelligence
1969: Marvin Minsky & Samuel Papert's
"Perceptrons" kill neural networks
1969: Stanford Researc...

54
Artificial Intelligence
1972: Terry Winograd's Shrdlu

55
Artificial Intelligence
1972: Hubert Dreyfus's "What Computers Can't Do"
1974: Marvin Minsky's Frame (see chapter on
“C...

56
Artificial Intelligence
1980: John Searle’s "Chinese Room"
1980: Intellicorp, the first major start-up for
Artificial I...

57
Artificial Intelligence
1980: Kunihiko Fukushima’s “Neocognitron”

58
Artificial Intelligence
1982: John Hopfield’s simulation of annealing
1983: Geoffrey Hinton's and Terry Sejnowski's Bol...

Artificial Intelligence
Deep Learning
1998: Yann LeCun 's second
generation Convolutional Neural
Networks
2006: Geoffrey H...

Artificial Intelligence
Deep Learning mimics the workings of the
brain: the audiovisual cortex works in
multiple hierarchi...

61
Artificial Intelligence
Genealogy of Intelligent Machines
Hydraulic machines
Steam engines
Cybernetics
Neural networks
...

62
Artificial Intelligence
1997: IBM's "Deep Blue" chess machine beats the world's
chess champion, Garry Kasparov
2011: IB...

63
Artificial Intelligence
2014: Li Fei-Fei's computer vision algorithm that
can describe photos ("Deep Visual-Semantic
Al...

64
Artificial Intelligence
2014: Vladimir Veselov's and Eugene
Demchenko's program Eugene Goostman,
which simulates a 13-y...

65
Information-based System
Data
Base
Who is the
president of
the USA?
Where is
Rome?
OBAMA
ITALY

66
Knowledge-based System
Know
ledge
Base
Who will the
president of
the USA?
Where is
Atlantis?
X
Y

67
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
A New Class of
Applications
A New Class of
Technologies

68
Artificial Intelligence
A New Class of
Applications
Expert
Tasks
Heuristics Uncertainty
“Complex”
Problem Solving
The a...

69
Artificial Intelligence
A New Class of
Technologies
Non-sequential
Programming
Symbolic
Processing
Knowledge
Engineerin...

Common Sense
Small minds are concerned with the extraordinary,
great minds with the ordinary"
(Blaise Pascal)

71
Common Sense
Types of inference
Induction
Concept formation
Probabilistic reasoning
Abduction
Diagnosis/troubleshooting...

72
Common Sense
• Plausible reasoning
– Quick, efficient response to problems when an
exact solution is not necessary
• No...

Common Sense
The Frame Problem
– Classical logic deducts all that is possible from all
that is available
– In the real wor...

Common Sense
Uncertainty
“Maybe i will go shopping”
“I almost won the game”
“This cherry is red”
“Bob is an idiot”
Probabi...

Common Sense
Principle of Incompatibility (Pierre Duhem)
The certainty that a proposition is true
decreases with any incre...

Common Sense
Heuristics
• Knowledge that humans tend to share in a
natural way: rain is wet, lions are dangerous,
most pol...

77
Connectionism
A neural network is a set of interconnected neurons
(simple processing units)
Each neuron receives signal...

Connectionism
The strength of the connection changes over time
according to a feedback mechanism (output desired
minus act...

Connectionism
• Distributed memory
• Non-sequential programming
• Fault-tolerance
• Recognition
• Learning

Connectionism
Where are we?
Biggest neural computer:
– Stanford and NVIDIA (2013): 11.2 billion connections
(three servers...

Hence…
Artificial Intelligence
• Knowledge-based approach
• Neural-net approach

Meanwhile…
1947: The "transistor"
1949: The first stored-program computers
1951: The first commercial computers
1956: The ...

83
The Decline of Knowledge-based Systems
• 1. Google it…
– Artificial Intelligence was trying to develop
“expert systems”...

84
The Decline of Knowledge-based Systems
• Google it…
– Artificial Intelligence never delivered on the
promises of “exper...

85
The Decline of Knowledge-based Systems
• Google it…
– Logical inference (intelligence) is irrelevant.
– It’s the quanti...

86
The Decline of Knowledge-based Systems
• Google it…
– A person can solve any problem as long as
she is capable of searc...

87
The Decline of Knowledge-based Systems
• 2. Big Data
– Very soon Homo Sapiens will be producing
more data every year th...

88
The Decline of Knowledge-based Systems
• 3. Cheap computing
– Computational power per $ increased
dramatically
– Neural...

89
2010s
• Machine learning
– Statistical method yields a plausible
result but it has not learned why
– The learned skills...

90
2010s
• Machine learning
– Jürgen Schmidhuber (1990-…): active,
unsupervised, curious, creative systems that
create the...

91
2010s
• The personal assistant
– Siri (2011)
– GoogleNow (2012)
– Tom Mitchell’s “learning personal
assistant” at CMU (...

92
2010s
• Multi-billion dollar investments in artificial
intelligence and robotics in the 2010s
– Amazon (Kiva, 2012),
– ...

93
2010s
• DeepMinds machine learning
• Facebook image recognition
• Wise.io
• Saffron
• Narrative Science
• Vicarious
• …...

94
The Future of Mind
Computers
Humans
Decision
Making
Data
Processing
1960 2014
Algorithmic Programming Artificial Intell...

95
The Future of Body
95

96
Robots

97
Robots
• Stats

98
Robots
1962: Joseph Engelberger deploys the
industrial robot Unimate at General
Motors
1969: Stanford Research Institut...

99
Robots
• Valentino Breitenberg’s “vehicles” (1984)
– Vehicle 1: a motor and a sensor
– Vehicle 2: two motors and two se...

100
Robots
2000: Cynthia Breazeal's emotional robot, "Kismet"
2003: Hiroshi Ishiguro's Actroid, a young woman
Which is the...

101
Robots
2004: Mark Tilden's biomorphic robot Robosapien
2005: Honda's humanoid robot "Asimo"
Asimo over the years

Robots
Special purpose robots:
2001: NEC PaPeRo (a social robot targeting children)
2005: Toyota's Partner (designed for a...

103
Robots
2005: Boston Dynamics' quadruped robot "BigDog“
2008: Nexi (MIT Media Lab), a mobile-dexterous-social robot
201...

104
Robots
• Stats

105
Domestic Robots
• Luna (2011)
• Jibo (2014)
• Pepper (2014)

Robots
2015: Selma Bringsjord’s robot solves the
“wise men” riddle

107
Case study: Japan
Takayama Festival of Mechanical Puppets

108
Case study: Japan
• Joruri/ puppet theater (~1650)
• “Automated mechanisms, or karakuri, were originally
separate from...

109
Case study: Japan
• Oriza Hirata’s robot theater
“I, Worker” (2008)
“Sayonara” (2010)

110
Case study: Japan
• The uncanny valley
– Ernst Jentsch: “On the Psychology of the Uncanny” (1906)
– Masahiro Mori: “Th...

111
Case study: Japan
• The uncanny valley
– Japanese robots tend to be female because they
look less threatening

112
Artificial Intelligence
• McKensey on A.I.
112

113
A Brief History of Bionics
Jose Delgado

114
A Brief History of Bionic Beings
1957: The first electrical implant in an ear (André Djourno
and Charles Eyriès)
1961:...

115
A Brief History of Bionics
1997: Remotely controlled
cockroaches at Univ of Tokyo
1998: Philip Kennedy develops a brai...

116
A Brief History of Bionics
2000: William Dobelle develops an
implanted vision system that
allows blind people to see o...

117
A Brief History of Bionics
2002: Miguel Nicolelis makes a
monkey's brain control a robot's
arm via an implanted microc...

118
A Brief History of Bionics
2004: Color-blind artist Neil Harbisson
becomes the first person in the
world to have an an...

A Brief History of Bionics
The age of two-way neural transmission…
2006: The Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (Da...

120
A Brief History of Bionics
The age of two-way neural
transmission…
2013: Rajesh Rao and Andrea Stocco
devise a way to ...

121
A Brief History of Bionics
2015: Nicolelis connects brains of
monkeys so that they collaborate to
perform a task

122
A Brief History of Bionics
Stimulating the vagus nerve

123
A Brief History of Bionics
Neuro-engineering?
(http://targetedindividualscanada.com)
(http://its-interesting.com)
The ...

A Brief History of Bionics
• Genetic engineering of mental and cognitive
skills?
– 1999: Joseph Tsien adds NR2B genes to
m...

125
A Brief History of Bionics
Microchip implants
1998: Kevin Warwick at the University of
Reading implants an RFID tag ab...

126
A Brief History of Bionics
Microchip implants
2012: Amal Graafstra implants chips on
attendees of the Toorcamp for $50...

127127
Biotech
Genetics
1944: Oswald Avery discovers that
genes are made of DNA
1953: Francis Crick and James Watson
disco...

128128
Biotech
Genetics
1973: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
create the first recombinant DNA
organism
1976: Genentech, t...

129
Biotech
1997: Ian Wilmut clones the first mammal, the
sheep Dolly
2003: The Human Genome Project is completed
2006: Pe...

Biotech
The price of DNA sequencing your genome has
dropped 99% since 2003 ($3,000 in 2013)
130
Moore's law vs Cost per ge...

Biotech
131

Biohacking
• “Biology is technology” (Rob Carlson)
• A community of worldwide hobbyists
• Public-domain databases of genet...

Biohacking
• Biocurious (Sunnyvale)
- -20C Freezer
– PCR Machines
– qPCR
– Balance
– Autoclave
– Micropipettes, single and...

Biohacking
• iGEM = International Genetically Engineered
Machine
• “Open source” biotech
• Global grassroots synthetic-bio...

Biohacking
• PCR printers (identify a piece
of DNA and make copies of it)
• OpenPCR (cheap Polymerase
Chain Reaction print...

Biohacking
• Autodesk’s Project Cyborg: design tools for
biohackers (quote: “Project Cyborg is a cloud-
based meta-platfor...

137
The Future of Body
Machines
Humans
Mind Uploading
Flesh and Bones
2014
Singularity?
Bio re-engineering
Neural Implants

138
The Future of Body
• Meditation:
– The longest living bodies on the planet
have no brain: bacteria and trees.

139
The Singularity?
139
Ray Kurzweil at the
Singularity University
Wells Cathedral Clock of
the 14th century, a machine
t...

140
The Singularity?
Ray Kurzweil’s predictions
• Infinite life extension: “Medical technology
will be more than a thousan...

141
The Singularity?
2014: Deep Knowledge Ventures (Hong Kong)
appoints an algorithm to its board of directors
141

142
The Singularity?
• The Apocalypse has happened many times
– Book of Revelation (1st c AD)
– …
– Year 1,000
– …
– Nostr...

143
The Singularity?
The five dogmas of the Singularity movement
1. Artificial Intelligence systems are
producing mindbogg...

144
The Singularity?
Five arguments against the Singularity
1. Reality Check
2. Accelerating Progress?
3. Non-human Intell...

145
Reality Check
Why the Singularity is not Coming any
Time Soon & other Meditations on the
Post-Human Condition and the ...

146
Reality Check
• The curse of Moore’s law
– The motivation to come up with creative ideas in A.I.
was due to slow, big ...

147
Reality Check
• Recognizing a cat is something that
any mouse can do (it took 16,000
computers working in parallel)
• ...

148
Reality Check
• Examples of searches in 2015

149
Reality Check
• IBM's Watson does not understand the
question (it is fed in digital format)
• IBM’s "Deep Blue" beat a...

150
Reality Check
• Machine translation in 2013 (random sentences
from my website translated by Google):
– "Graham Nash th...

151
Reality Check
• A remote-controlled toy is NOT a step
toward superhuman intelligence
• Human-looking automata that mim...

152
Reality Check
• The brain of the roundworm (a few
hundred neurons connected by a few
thousand synapses) is still smart...

153
Reality Check
• An easy science
– Artificial Intelligence is not subjected to the
same scrutiny as other sciences
– It...

154
Reality Check
• 60 years later it is not machines that learned
to understand human language but humans
who got used to...

155
Reality Check
• What “automation” really means…
– The jobs that have been automated are
repetitive and trivial.
– And ...

156
Reality Check
• Intelligent Behavior from Structured
Environments

157
Reality Check
• Structuring the Environment
– We structure the chaos of nature because it
makes it easier to survive a...

158
Reality Check
• Semantics
– It is not intelligent to talk about intelligent
machines: whatever they do is not what we ...

159
Reality Check
• Semantics
– Memory is reconstructive
– Data storage is not “memory”
– Exponentially increasing data st...

160
Reality Check
• Where A.I. is truly successful…
– Most machine intelligence is being employed to
couple real-time cust...

161
Artificial General Intelligence
• Task-specific vs General-purpose
Intelligence
• Originally, A.I. was looking for gen...

162
Artificial General Intelligence
• How to simulate an average human (not just one
human task) - the “logic theorist” so...

163
Artificial General Intelligence
• The Multiplication of Appliances and
Artificial Intelligence by Enumeration
– We hav...

164
Artificial General Intelligence
• The enumeration problem: which human
functions qualify as "intelligent"?
– There are...

165
Tips for better A.I.
1. IBM's Watson of 2013 consumes 85,000 Watts
compared with the human brain's 20 Watts.
2. The br...

166
Tips for better A.I.
• What conditions may foster a breakthrough:
it is not the abundance of a resource (such
as compu...

167167
Accelerating progress?
• One century ago, within a relatively short period
of time, the world adopted:
– the car,
–...

168168
Accelerating progress?
• while at the same time science came up with
– Quantum Mechanics
– Relativity
• while at th...

169169
Accelerating progress?
• while at the same time cities adopted high-rise
buildings

170170
Accelerating progress?
• There were only 5 radio stations in 1921 but
already 525 in 1923
• The USA produced 11,200...

171171
Accelerating progress?
• On the other hand today:
– 44 years after the Moon landing we still haven't
sent a human b...

172172
Accelerating progress?
• We chronically underestimate progress in
previous centuries because most of us are
ignoran...

173
A Comparative History of Accelerating
Progress
• On April 3, 1988 the Los Angeles Times
Magazine ran a piece titled "L...

174
A Comparative History of Accelerating
Progress
• Today there is a lot of change
• But change is not necessarily progre...

175
A Comparative History of Accelerating
Progress
• Taking a step forward is easy… just make sure
what you are stepping i...

176
What would Turing say today?
What took you
guys so long???

177
What would Turing say today?
• Why did it take you so long?
– The Hubble telescope transmits 0.1 terabytes of data
a w...

178
What would Turing say today?
• Hardware: other than miniaturization, what
has really changed?
– It still runs on elect...

179
What would Turing say today?
• Software: other than having 12 million
programmers work on thousands of programs
(inste...

180
What would Turing say today?
And I’m
supposed to
be impressed?

181
Non-human Intelligence
• Super-human intelligence has been around for a
long time: many animals have powers we don't
h...

182
Non-human Intelligence
• Bats can avoid objects in absolute darkness at
impressive speeds
• Migratory animals can navi...

183
Non-human Intelligence
• And don't underestimate the brain of an insect
either: how many people can fly and land upsid...

184
Non-human Intelligence
• We already built machines that can do things that
are impossible for humans:
– Telescopes and...

185
Super-human Machine Intelligence
• The medieval clock could already do
something that no human can
possibly do: keepin...

186
Non-human Intelligence
• What is the difference between non-
human intelligence (which is already here
and has always ...

187
Super-human intelligence
• Possible: Colin McGinn’s cognitive closure
(there are things we will never understand)
• Im...

188
Dangers of machine intelligence
• Who's Responsible for a Machine's Action?
• We believe machines more than we believe...

189
Dangers of machine intelligence
• The biggest danger of all: decelerating
human intelligence

190
The Turing Point
• The Turing Test was asking “when can machines be
said to be as intelligent as humans?”
• This “Turi...

191
What can machines do now that they
could not do 50 years ago?
• They are faster, cheaper, can store larger
amounts of ...

192
What can humans do now that they could
not do 50 years ago?
• Use the new machines
• On the other hand, they are not c...

193
The Post-Turing Thesis
• If machines are not getting
much smarter while humans
are getting dumber…
• … then eventually...

194
A Tool is not a Skill
• In a sense, technology is about giving people
the tools to become dumber and still continue
to...

195
Decelerating Human Intelligence
• The success of many high-tech projects
depends not on making smarter technology
but ...

196
Turning People into Machines
• “They” increasingly expect us to behave like
machines in order to interact efficiently ...

197
Turning People into Machines
• Rules to hike in the *wilderness* (there is even a rule
for peeing)

198
Decelerating Human Intelligence
• Is it possible that humans have moved a
lot closer towards machines than
machines ha...

199
The Silicon Valley Paradigm
• “They” increasingly expect us to study lengthy
manuals and to guess how a machine works
...

200
The Singularity
• The Turing Test may become a self-
fulfilling prophecy: as we (claim to) build
“smarter” machines, w...

201
The Singularity

202
The Future is not You
• The combination of smartphones and
websites offers a glimpse of a day when one
will not need t...

203
The Difference: You vs It
• Human minds are better than machines at
– Improvisation
– Imagination
– (in a word: "creat...

204
The Difference: You vs It
• Modern society organizes our lives to remove
danger and unpredictability.
• Modern society...

205
The Difference: You vs It
• We build
– Redundancy
– Backups
– Distributed systems
• to make sure that machines can do ...

206
A Critique of the Turing Test
(while we’re still intelligent)

207
The Turing Test
The “Turing point”: a computer can be said to be intelligent if its
answers are indistinguishable from...

208
The Turing Test
The fundamental critique to the Turing Test
• The computer (a Turing machine) cannot (qualitatively)
d...

209
The Turing Test
The Turing Test
• John Searle’s Chinese room (1980)
– Whatever a computer is computing, the computer
d...

210
The Turing Test
The Turing Test
• Hubert Dreyfus (1972):
– Experience vs knowledge
– Meaning is contextual
– Novice to...

211
The Turing Test
The Turing Test
• Rodney Brooks (1986)
– Situated reasoning
– Intelligence cannot be separated from th...

212
The Turing Test
The Turing Test
• John Randolph Lucas (1961) & Roger Penrose
– Goedel’s limit: Every formal system
(>A...

213
The Turing Test
The Turing Test
• John Randolph Lucas (1961) & Roger Penrose
– Objection: a computer can observe the f...

214
The Turing Test
• What is measured: intelligence, cognition, brain,
mind, or consciousness?
• What is measured: one ma...

215
The Turing Test
• Someone has hidden a person in a room and a
computer in the other room.
• We are allowed to ask any ...

216
Who is Testing
• Someone has to determine whether the answers to
her questions come from a human or a machine
• Who is...

217
Who is Testing
• Can a mentally retarded person judge the test?
• Can somebody under the influence of drugs
perform it...

218
Who are we Testing?
• If a machine fails the test (i.e. the judge thinks
the machine is a machine), then Turing
conclu...

219
What are we Testing?
• The Turing Test is about behavior
• The Turing test measures how good a machine
is at answering...

220
The Turing Point
• The Turing Test asks when can we say that a
machine has become as intelligent as humans.
• The Turi...

221
The ultimate Turing Test
• Build a machine that reproduces my brain,
neuron by neuron, synapses by synapses
• Will tha...

222
See http://www.scaruffi.com/mind/ai.html
A Timeline of A.I.

223
The End (for now)
“A man provided with paper, pencil, and
rubber (and subject to strict discipline) is in
effect a uni...

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