Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture

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RICHARD WAITE, MICHAEL PHILLIPS, AND RANDALL BRUMMETT
Improving
Productivity and
Environmental
Performance of
Aquaculture
...

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We wil...

WRI.org/WRR

How can the world feed more than
9 billion people in 2050
in a manner that advances development and
reduces pressure on th...

The world needs to close an “animal protein gap”
Global annual animal protein availability, million tons
Source: WRI analy...

Menu for a sustainable food future
Consumption  Reduce food loss and waste
 Shift diets
 Achieve replacement level fert...

Authors and partners
• Richard Waite (WRI)
• Malcolm Beveridge (WorldFish)
• Randall Brummett (World Bank)
• Sarah Castine...

Fish are important for food and nutrition security
Supply of animal-based protein (2009), percent (100% = 31 g / capita / ...

But the wild fish catch has peaked…
Million tons
Note: “Wild catch” includes finfish, mollusks, crustaceans, and other aqu...

…even while fishing effort continues to rise
Percentage of marine fish stocks assessed
Source: FAO (2014).

Aquaculture has emerged to meet fish demand
Million tons
Sources: FAO (2012a), FAO (2012b), FAO (2013), FAO (2014).

Aquaculture is diverse
Production (2012), 100% = 66.6 million tons
Source: FAO (2014).

Nearly 90 percent of aquaculture production
is in Asia
Tons (2012)
Source: FAO (2014).

Aquaculture production must more than double
by 2050 to satisfy projected fish demand
Million tons
Sources: Production dat...

Aquaculture growth could close 14 percent of the
“animal protein gap”
Global annual animal protein availability, million t...

Aquaculture growth to 140 Mt in 2050 could
contribute to economic development
Source: Authors’ calculations based on FAO (...

Aquaculture growth to 140 Mt in 2050 could
contribute to economic development
Source: Authors’ calculations based on FAO (...

Farmed fish convert feed to food efficiently
Percent or “units of edible output per 100 units of feed input”
Sources: Terr...

But aquaculture also creates environmental
impacts and is facing resource constraints
Image: ©2013 Google Earth, DigitalGl...

Sustainable aquaculture growth entails…
Photo: WorldFish/Sakil.
Increasing farmed fish
production per unit of:
• Land
• Wa...

Life cycle assessment of global aquaculture
production
Source: Hall et al. (2011).

Aquaculture’s environmental impacts in 2010
Direct land occupation (farms): 19 Mha
Indirect land occupation (feeds): 26 Mh...

“Business as usual” scenario in 2050
Impacts relative to 2010 levels
Source: Mungkung et al. (2014).
0
0.5
1
1.5
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2.5
3
3...

“Significant intensification” scenario in 2050
Impacts relative to 2010 levels
0
0.5
1
1.5
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2.5
3
3.5
4
Production Land
o...

“Shift to renewable energy” scenario in 2050
Impacts relative to 2010 levels
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Production Land
occ...

“More efficient feeding” scenario in 2050
Impacts relative to 2010 levels
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Production Land
occupa...

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
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Production Land
occupation
(direct)
Land
occupation
(indirect)
Wild fish used
in feed
Freshwater...

“Shift to more plant-based feeds”
scenario in 2050
Impacts relative to 2010 levels
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
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Production La...

Comparison of aquaculture growth scenarios
Impacts relative to 2010 levels
Source: Mungkung et al. (2014).
2050 Scenario L...

Comparison of farmed species’ performance
in 2010
Source: Calculated from Mungkung et al. (2014).
Species group Land use
(...

The closest thing to a free lunch?
Photo: SantiMB.

Key findings
• Aquaculture production must more than
double by 2050
• Aquaculture is a relatively efficient source
of anim...

Recommendations
1. Increase investment in technological
innovation and transfer
2. Use spatial planning and zoning to guid...

How Will
Aquaculture
Grow?

AQUACULTURE IS NOT A RAVENOUS INDUSTRIAL MONSTER
DEVOURING THE PLANET TO FEED THE RICH

Small is beautiful…
Region Aquaculture Employment
(thousands)
Productivity
(2010)
Tons of fish
per farmer
Africa 8.59
Asia...

Constraining
Sustainable
Growth
Space & H2O
Technology
Capital

Capital
(∴ Technology)
is Constrained by Risk
• >90% Private Capital
• Massive disease outbreaks
• Reduced efficiency due ...

Asia: Crowded
Latin America: Some Potential
Africa: Cool and Dry
North America: mostly too cold
Europe: cold and crowded
M...

• Feed, breeding & management technology
• Lower risk to attract investors
• Governance for non-traditional sites & H2O
Ov...

Source: Iliyasu et al. 2014; University of Victoria & Lenfest (2010)
• Asia: 0.64;
US/Europe: 0.73
• Genetics: 12% Fish;
1...

Plant Proteins
3% fishmeal + 40% SPC + 30% SBM 40% SPC + taurine 64% fishmeal

Fish Oil

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1.0 2.0-2.5 2.5-3.0 3.0-3.5 3.5-4.0
PercentofTotalbySub-Sector
Trophic Level
Culture...

Protecting
Environments, Fish
Health & Investments
Ecological Issues
• Siting – identify zones that are good for aquacultu...

Back from the
Brink:
Lessons from Chile
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
198619881990199219...

• Zones Easier to Implement
• Low Energy Systems
• No Land or Freshwater
• Established Hatchery & Culture Technology
• Tur...

Thank You!

“Improving Productivity and
Environmental Performance of
Aquaculture”
Download at: WRI.org/WRR
2013–2014 World Resources R...

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