Quantifying Salmonella spp. in pig slaughterhouses and pork markets...

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VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRE FOR ASIA PACIFIC
Joint Master of Veterinary Public Health_5th Batch, 2011-2013
QUANTIFYING...

1. Rational and background
2. Objectives
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
2
Contents
9/10...

39/10/2013

 Gram-negative
 Family Enterobacteriaceae
 2 Species: S. enterica and S. bongori
 Serotypes: > 2,600 (Guibourdenche et...

-Humans: as a foodborne disease, in the world
 93.8 million cases/year
155,000 deaths/year
(Majowicz, 2010)
-Health care...

6http://www.cdc.gov/foodnet/data/trends/tables/2012/table2a-b.html#table-2a
121
155
193
1,082
1,234
2,138
6,793
7,800
0 2,...

7
Human Salmonellosis
http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/trends-in-foodborne-illness.html
Figure 2 Changes in incidence of...

 Contaminated food/vegetables/fruits (Hughes et al.,
2007; Hendriksen et al., 2004; Barber et al., 2002)
 Pork: one of m...

9
Figure 3 Estimated contribution of broilers, pork and table
eggs in Salmonella infections in the general population (ca...

10
Table 1 Causes and outbreaks of food poisoning in
Vietnam, 2007-2011
Food poisoning outbreaks in Vietnam
Source: VFA, V...

11
Pig slaughterhouses, pork markets and
Salmonella contamination
Photo by: Sinh DX9/10/2013
Slaughter equipments
Pigs fro...

-15% - 95%: on carcasses
-16% - 62%: in water, on the floor, weighting
bowls, cutting boards
-33% - 69%: in pork at market...

139/10/2013

 To detect the Salmonella spp. prevalence and
concentration on pig carcass at slaughterhouse
and pork at market
 To iden...

159/10/2013

Hung Yen province
16
Map of Vietnam
Source: http:/www, trelangkienviet,com
5
Study location
9/10/2013

179/10/2013
Study location

18
Study scope
Data collection
‐ Checklist
‐ Questionnaire
‐ Focus group discussion (FGD)
‐ In‐depth interview (IDI)
Data...

19
Sampling site
Lairage
Evisceration
Restrain & Bleeding
Cut pork at market
9/10/2013
Scalding & Dehairing
Transportation...

Sample collection
20
Sample types Unit/sample n
Carcass surface 400 cm2 47
Belly skin 25 g 16
Workers’ hand 2 hands 12
Cut...

25g Belly skin
or Pork
Carcass or
Environmental swabs
Homogenization
+225ml BPW +100ml BPW
Interpretation
of Result
Susp...

Questionnaire:
- No. of pigs
- Transport time, duration, distance
- Time in lairage, …
 Checklist:
- Hygienic practice/m...

23
Data collection
9/10/2013
Qualitative tools
Focus group discussion Key topics
Slaughter workers (2
FGD)
- Hygienic prac...

- Descriptive statistic
- OR and χ2 test for risk factors
- Significant consideration at p<0.05
Using R Studio (0.96.316) ...

259/10/2013

General information of slaughterhouses
Table 3. Mean of variables recorded from pig transportation
and lairage time (n=12 ...

27
Sample types
Prevalence_%
(No. positve result/n)
SH A SH B SH C Overall
Carcass(*)
23.8
(5/21)
38.1
(8/21)
42.9
(9/21)...

Fig 6. Overall Salmonella prevalence from 3
slaughterhouses
24.1
48.3
37.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SH A SH B SH C
Percent
Slau...

29
Table 5. Salmonella prevalence from different sample
types in markets
Salmonella prevalence
9/10/2013
Sample type
% Pre...

30
Fig 7. Salmonella prevalence from different sample types in markets
Salmonella prevalence
9/10/2013
17.2
37.9
69.0
0
10...

23.5
46.7
53.3
34.9
14.3
47.6
66.7
42.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
District A District B District C Overall
Carcass Pork
31
Fi...

Salmonella number
Table 6. Salmonella number from different sample types
in 3 slaughterhouses
Sample types Unit No. of Sal...

Salmonella number
Sample types Unit No. of Salmonella 95% CI
Pork MPN/g < 0.3 - 15 3.7 - 42.0
Sellers’ hands MPN/hand 4.6 ...

Salmonella number
Table 8. Salmonella number in slaughterhouse and market
349/10/2013
Sample Unit
Number of Salmonella
Sla...

35
Related risk factors
Table 9. Potential risk factors related to Salmonella
contamination in slaughterhouses
Potential r...

36
Related risk factors
Table 10. Potential risk factors of Salmonella contamination in markets
(*) Statistically signific...

37
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Table 11. Salmonella serotypes circulated in 3 pig
slaughterhouses and sample types
Sero...

38
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 9. Salmonella serotypes distribution in 3 pig
slaughterhouses
S. Anatum
3.2%
S. Derb...

39
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Table 12. Salmonella serotypes circulated in marrkets in 3
districts and sample types
Se...

40
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 10 Salmonella serotypes distribution in markets in 3
districts
S. Anatum
16.7%
S.
Bo...

41
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 11 Salmonella serotypes distribution in Slaughterhouse
and in Markets in 3 districts...

42
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 12 Salmonella serotypes distribution in slaughterhouse
and markets
1
3
1
4
2
2
5
3
3...

43
Collected Data Frame
9/10/2013
Table 13 Groups and participants for IDI, FGD, checklists &
questionnaires
Tools/
groups...

44
Results from explore people and relevant stakeholders’ perception
related to food safety with the potential risks in pr...

459/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Slaughterhouse workers
Potential risks District A District B
Feces in lairage 1 ...

469/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Pork sellers
FGD for this actor were organized in each of 3 selected districts
1...

479/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Pork sellers
Potential risks District A District C
Cleanness of surrounding shop...

489/10/2013
* In-depth interview in People living around slaughterhouse
(1) Advantages of slaughterhouse’s presence in the...

499/10/2013
* In-depth interview in People living around slaughterhouse
(2) Disadvantages of slaughterhouse’s presence in ...

509/10/2013
* In-depth interview in Pork consumers
Table 18 Result of criteria ranking in pork selection
Criteria No. of r...

519/10/2013
* In-depth interview in Pork consumers
(2) Perception on low quality pork: sick or dead pigs, strange color,
s...

529/10/2013
* In-depth interview Public health staffs
(1) Responsibilities related to food safety, zoonoses: Responsibilit...

539/10/2013
* In-depth interview Veterinary staffs
(1) The gap in the inspection: Vets and Public health sector: Raw meat
...

549/10/2013

55
Salmonella prevalence in pig slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
* On pig carcasses (34.9%)
Lower than in other studies:
• 48.9% ...

569/10/2013
* On Pork (42.9%)
Lower than in other studies:
• 69.9% (Phan et al., 2005) in Mekong Delta, Southern Vietnam
...

57
Salmonella number in pig slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
* On pig carcasses (< 0.075 MPN/cm2 and <0.3 MPN/g)
Within a range o...

58
Salmonella number in pork market
9/10/2013
* On pork (< 0.3 – 15 MPN/g)
Lower range than:
 19 MPN/g in pork sausages
...

 Transport and lairage: important risk factors (Hurd, 2002)
 Characteristics of farms/herds is one of consideration as h...

 A direct association between Salmonella contamination of
pork cuts and equipment or/and surfaces (Prendergast et al.,
20...

61
Salmonella serotypes prevalence in slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
8 serotypes: S. Typhimurium and S. Derby (19.4%), S. Rissen...

62
Salmonella serotypes prevalence in market
9/10/2013
9 serotypes: S. Derby (19.4%), S. Anatum and S. Meleagridis
(16.7%)...

63
Salmonella serotypes prevalence in market
9/10/2013
9 serotypes: S. Derby (19.4%), S. Anatum and S. Meleagridis
(16.7%)...

64
Perception related to food safety with the potential
risks in practices
9/10/2013
• Applied an integrated approach: Qua...

65
Perception related to food safety with the potential
risks in practices
9/10/2013
• Using wooden tables because of thei...

66
Perception related to food safety with the potential
risks in practices
9/10/2013
• Important selection criteria for pu...

679/10/2013

Prevalence of Salmonella:
 36.9% in slaughterhouse, 34.9% on carcass
 41.4% in pork markets, 42.9% in pork
The number ...

The most frequent Salmonella serotypes:
 In slaughterhouse:
S. Typhimurium, S. Derby (19.4%),
S. Rissen (16.1%) , S. Lon...

 The survey on perception and hygienic practice related to
food safety of relevant groups and stakeholders:
 Provided ba...

719/10/2013
Acknowledgement
 Veterinary Public Health Center for Asia Paciﬁc (VPHCAP) - CMU
and Freie Universität Berlin
...

72
9/10/2013

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