E waste management

1. Dept of ECE
Course Title: E-Waste Management
Course Code: BEC 755A
Course Type: Open Elective
Semester: VII
Year: 2025-26
Contact Hours/ week : L-T-P : 3:0:0

2. Dept of ECE

3. Dept of ECE
Course Objectives
• Understanding e-waste: To learn about e-waste, its different
types, and how it's generated
• E-waste rules and directives: To understand the rules and
directives for e-waste in different countries
• E-waste management: To learn how to manage e-waste
throughout its life cycle
• Environmental and health impacts: To understand the
environmental and health impacts of e-waste

4. Dept of ECE
Course Outcomes
CO1: Classify and characterize e-waste and analyze factors
contributing to e- waste generation. L2
CO2: Describe global and national regulatory frameworks for e-
waste management. L2
CO3: Illustrate Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and
Producer Responsible Organization(PROs), and assess post-
consumer e-waste collection under collective responsibility. L2
CO4: Analyze e-waste handling practices, including classification,
packaging, transport, and safety measures. L3
CO5: Analyze Restrictions on Use of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS), interpret compliance standards, and explore key
processes and technologies used in e-waste recycling. L3

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Student Centric Approaches and ICT Integration(Module Wise)
Agenda Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5
Student
Centric
Approac
hes
Flipped
Classroom
Think Pair and
Share
Case Study
Participative:
Flipped
class:10%
ICT:10%
PPT:80%
Flipped
Classroom
Think Pair and
Share
Case Study
Participative:
Flipped
Class:10%
PPT:80%
ICT:10%
Flipped
Classroom
Think Pair
and Share
Case Study
Participative:
Flipped
Class:10%
PPT:80%
ICT:10%
Flipped
Classroom
Think Pair
and Share
Case Study
Participative
: Flipped
Class:10%
PPT:80%
ICT:10%
Flipped
Classroom
Think Pair
and Share
Case Study
Participative:
Flipped
Class:10%
PPT:80%
ICT:10%
ICT
Usage
PPT & Quizzes PPT & Quizzes PPT &
Quizzes
PPT &
Quizzes
PPT &
Quizzes
Augmen
ted
Syllabus
Impact of AI
and IoT on
Future E-waste
Management
Comparative
Study of E-
waste Policies
in Developed
vs. Developing
Countries
Digital
Tracking of E-
waste Using
Blockchain
Technology
Smart Bins
and IoT-
based E-
waste
Collection
Systems
Emerging
Green
Recycling
Technologies

6. Dept of ECE
Sl No Learning Style Count Percentage
1 Experiential Learning 0 0%
2 Participative Learning 5 12%
3 Problem Solving Learning 0 0%
4 Project Based Learning 0 0%
5 Self Learning 5 12%
6 Lecture Based Learning 25 61%
7
ICT/Technology Based Learning 6 15%
Percentage of Different Learning Style

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Assessment Pattern
CIE
IA1: 25 Marks
IA2: 25 Marks
Average of IA1 & IA2: 25 Marks
Assignment:25 Marks
Case Studies: 15 Marks
Module Test: 10 Marks
CIE: IA+ Assignment=50 Marks
SEE: 100 Marks
Reduced to 50 Marks

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E-Waste

9. E-Waste Life cycle

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What is E-Waste?
• Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises of waste electronic
goods which are not fit for their originally intended use.
• Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) describes loosely
discarded, surplus, obsolete, or broken electrical or
electronic devices
• E-waste has been defined as electrical and electronic
equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the
consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing,
refurbishment and repair processes.
EX: Air conditioner, cellular phone, personal Computers

11. Dept of ECE
• Computers e-waste contains toxic substances and chemicals,
which are likely to have adverse effect on environment and
health, if not handled properly e-waste is hazardous.
• Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste
electronics/electrical goods that are not fit for their originally
intended use or have reached their end of life.
• This may include items such as computers, servers,
mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers,
calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones,
transceivers, TVs, medical apparatus and electronic
components besides white goods such as refrigerators and air-
conditioners.
• E-waste contains valuable materials such as copper, silver,
gold and platinum which could be processed for their recovery.

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Main Issues
🔹 E-waste is partly very valuable
•Recover (precious) metals
•Recover huge amounts of plastic
🔹 E-waste is partly very hazardous
•Contains 1,000 different toxic substances
🔹 E-waste is increasing at alarming rates
•Rates of obsolescence are becoming very high
•Computers are one of the highly purchased electronic
items and have a useful life of 3–5 years only, thus
contributing huge amounts to annual e-waste volumes.
•Further, it has been estimated that the obsolescence rate
of computers may be reduced to 2 years only very soon.

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E-Waste Sources and Generation
 Household Sources: Old televisions, radios, kitchen appliances, Obsolete
phones, personal computers, microwaves.
 IT and Telecom: Outdated or discarded servers, desktops, printers.
 Industrial Equipment: Factory control systems, medical diagnostics.
• Government and Public Sector: Administrative electronics, surveillance
systems.
• Manufacturing and Industrial Units: Process control devices, factory
automation hardware.
• Informal Sector : Devices refurbished or stripped for valuable parts.
Street repair shops
 Generation Trends:
o India generated 3.2 million tonnes of e-waste in 2019-2020.
o Only ~10-15% of e-waste is formally collected.
o The rest is processed informally using unsafe methods.

17. Dept of ECE
Generation of E-Waste
E-waste generation is increasing rapidly due to:
•Technological advancements (frequent upgrades).
•Shorter product lifespans.
•Urbanization and rising income levels.
•Consumerism: More people own multiple gadgets.
As per data referenced:
•India is the third-largest e-waste generator after China and
the USA.
•Estimated 2 million tonnes/year in India, with only a small
portion formally recycled.
Key Concerns
•A large portion of e-waste is handled by the informal sector.
•Unsafe recycling practices lead to health hazards and
environmental pollution.
•Lack of awareness and collection systems further aggravate the
problem.

18. Dept of ECE
GTZ-BIRD Study (2007)
GTZ – German Technical Cooperation,
BIRD – Bureau of Industrial Research and Development
Total annual e-waste: 382,979 MT
Includes 50,000 MT of imports
Available for recycling: 144,143 MT
Actually recycled: Only 19,000 MT
Refurbishment market limits recycling
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Estimates
E-waste in 2005: 146,800 MT
2012 projection: 800,000 MT
2014 projection: 1.64 million MT
Shows exponential growth trend in e-waste generation over the years.

19. IMRB Survey – E-Waste by Device Type (2009)
• Breakdown of e-waste composition:
• Televisions: 68%
• Desktops (including servers): 27%
• Imports: 2%
• Mobile phones: 1%
• Large household appliances like washing machines and
refrigerators are also significant contributors, though not detailed in
percentage here.

20. Main Sources of E-Waste in India
• Government, public, and private industrial sectors contribute
~70% of total e-waste.
• These sources generate bulk waste due to frequent upgrading and
large-scale procurement.
•Despite high volumes of e-waste, formal recycling rates are extremely low.
•The presence of a large informal sector, refurbishment markets, and
• lack of infrastructure are key challenges.
•There is a pressing need for awareness, regulation, and effective
implementation of e-waste management frameworks.

21. E-Waste Sources

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COMPOSITION OF E-WASTE

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Characteristic of E-Waste

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Why E-Waste is a Problem?
1. Volume Growth: Due to short life cycles, tech
advancement, and consumer trends.
2. Toxicity: Improper handling releases hazardous
substances.
3. Informal Recycling: Dominant in countries like India, it
uses unsafe practices (e.g., open burning, acid baths).
4. Environmental & Health Impacts:
o Contaminates air, water, and soil.
o Causes respiratory issues, skin diseases, and even
neurological disorders.

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Growth of Electrical and Electronics Industry in India
 India's electronics industry is among the largest in the world.
 Driven by:
o Government initiatives: Make in India, Digital India
o Increased urbanization and middle-class growth
o Shorter life span of electronic devices
 Consequence: High volume of e-waste being generated
yearly.
 Challenges:
o Lack of end-of-life product planning
o Consumers often unaware of proper disposal channels

30. Dept of ECE
Rapid Expansion of the Industry
 India’s Electrical and Electronics Industry (EEE) has shown tremendous
growth over the past two decades.
 It includes:
o Consumer electronics (TVs, refrigerators, washing machines)
o IT products (computers, laptops, printers)
o Communication devices (mobiles, routers, telecom equipment)
o Industrial and medical electronics
🇮🇳 2. Key Drivers of Growth
 Rising middle-class income and increasing urbanization
 Affordable electronics due to competitive manufacturing
 Technological advancements
 Growth in IT and telecom sectors
 Make in India and other government initiatives encouraging local
manufacturing

31. Dept of ECE
Consumption Trends
 Increased demand for smartphones, computers, and smart
appliances.
 Many consumers own multiple electronic devices, leading
to faster replacement cycles.
 Trend of short product lifecycles due to technological
upgrades and planned obsolescence.
4. India as a Global Hub
 India is emerging as a global electronics manufacturing
destination.
 Major international companies are setting up
manufacturing units in India (e.g., Apple, Samsung).
 Growth in exports of electronics components and finished
goods.

32. Dept of ECE
5. Impact on E-Waste Generation
 The growth in the EEE industry directly contributes to:
o Increased e-waste volumes
o Faster disposal rates
o Need for sustainable production and responsible recycling systems
6. Need for Balanced Development
 While the industry drives economic growth, it must also:
o Focus on eco-design
o Implement producer responsibility
o Invest in formal recycling infrastructure
o Promote consumer awareness about e-waste disposal

34. Dept of ECE
Global Context of E-Waste Management
 Globally over 50 million tonnes of e-waste are generated
annually.
 High-income countries generate more per capita, but e-
waste often ends up in low-income countries.
 Basel Convention (1989): International treaty to control
hazardous waste movement.
 Best practices in developed countries include:
o Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
o Efficient collection and recycling centers
 Many countries still struggle with:
o Informal processing
o Cross-border illegal movement of e-waste

35. Dept of ECE
Indian Scenario on E-Waste Management
 India ranks 3rd in global e-waste generation (after China and
the US).
 Major Cities: Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai are top
generators.
 Informal Sector: Handles more than 80% of India’s e-waste
recycling.
o Unsafe practices include open burning and acid leaching.
 Legislation:
o E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 (amended 2018):
 Producers must implement EPR plans.
 Collection targets are mandated.
 Authorized recyclers must be used.

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48. Dept of ECE
E-Waste Definition
 As per CPCB: E-waste is “Waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE), including all components, assemblies and
substances involved.”
 It applies to items powered by electricity or battery.
 It includes:
o Functional but unwanted devices
o Obsolete, damaged, or unused electronics

49. Dept of ECE
Category Examples
Large Household Appliances Refrigerators, Washing Machines
Small Household Appliances Irons, Vacuum Cleaners
IT and Telecommunication
Equipment
PCs, Laptops, Mobile Phones
Consumer Equipment TVs, Audio Systems
Lighting Equipment Fluorescent Lamps, LED bulbs
Electrical Tools Drills, Saws
Toys and Leisure Equipment Video Games, Electric Cars
Medical Devices
ECG Machines, MRI (non-infectious
only)
Monitoring and Control
Instruments
Smoke Detectors, Thermostats
Automatic Dispensers ATMs, Vending Machines
Classification of E-Waste
According to CPCB and international guidelines, e-waste is classified into:

50. Dept of ECE
Characterization of E-Waste
Material Composition:
 Metals (ferrous & non-ferrous): 40–60%
 Plastics: 15–25%
 Glass, ceramics, rubber, etc.: Remaining %
 Valuable elements: Gold, silver, copper, palladium
 Toxic elements: Lead, mercury, arsenic, brominated flame retardants
Resource Potential:
 Urban mining from e-waste is a valuable source of rare earth and precious metals.
 1 tonne of mobile phones can yield more gold than 1 tonne of gold ore.
Hazards of Improper Disposal:
 Air Pollution: Burning wires release dioxins.
 Water Contamination: Toxic metals seep into groundwater.
 Health Risks:Lead affects brain and kidney functions.
o Mercury can damage the nervous system.
o Cadmium affects lungs and bones.